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. 2010 Sep 29;30(39):12936–12949. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2690-10.2010

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Copyright © 2010 the authors 0270-6474/10/3012936-14$15.00/0

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Figure 8. — The song system. The song system includes a direct motor pathway consisting of nuclei HVC and RA and an AFP (gray boxes) containing area X, the medial portion of the dorsolateral thalamus (DLM) and lMAN. RA sends projections to brainstem motor nuclei retroambigualis (RAm) and paraambigualis (PAm), which innervate the respiratory musculature, and to the tracheosyringeal portion of the 12th motor nucleus (nXIIts), which innervates the muscles of the syrinx (vocal organ). A recurrent motor pathway (dashed line) indirectly connects respiratory nucleus paraambigualis back to HVC (Reinke and Wild, 1998; Striedter and Vu, 1998) via a network of midbrain and thalamic nuclei (data not shown). Additionally, RA sends a reciprocal projection (dotted line) back to HVC (Roberts et al., 2008).