Table 2.
Bivariate comparisons of lifetime prescription drug misusers (n = 314) andnonusers (n = 409) across demographic, health, substance use, mental health, attitudinal, and criminological measures
| Variable | Lifetime prescription drug misusers | Nonusers | Results |
| Demographic | |||
| Gender, n (%) | χ2(1) = 5.2, p < .05, OR = 1.7 [1.1, 2.6] | ||
| Male | 263 (83.8%) | 366 (89.5%) | |
| Female | 51(16.2%) | 43(10.5%) | |
| Age, M(SD) | 15.8(1.1) | 15.2(1.3) | t(718) = -6.8, p < .001, da = 0.49 |
| Race, n (%) | χ2(4) = 91.7, p< .001, OR = 3.1 [2.3, 4.3]b | ||
| African American | 44(14.0%) | 194(47.5%) | |
| White | 222(70.7%) | 178(43.6%) | |
| Latino/Latina | 15 (4.8%) | 13 (3.2%) | |
| Biracial | 25 (8.0%) | 20 (4.9%) | |
| Other | 8 (2.5%) | 3 (0.7%) | |
| Urbanicity of family residence, n (%) | χ2(3) = 16.7, p<.01, OR = 1.7 [1.2, 2.3]c | ||
| Urban | 98 (31.2%) | 185 (45.2%) | |
| Suburban | 48 (15.3%) | 52 (12.7%) | |
| Small town | 146 (46.5%) | 140 (34.2%) | |
| Rural/country | 22 (7.0%) | 32 (7.8%) | |
| Physical and mental health, n (%) | |||
| History of: | |||
| Head injury with loss of consciousness | 69(22.0%) | 63(15.5%) | χ2(1) = 5.1, p < .05, OR = 1.5 [1.1, 2.3] |
| Receipt of mental illness diagnosis | 189(60.2%) | 181(44.6%) | χ2(1) = 17.3, p< .001, OR = 1.9 [1.4,2.5] |
| Substance use, M (SD) | |||
| Lifetime number of drug classes used | 8.6(3.0) | 3.9(2.3) | t(566) = -22.9, p<. 001, d = 1.76 |
| Massachusetts Youth | |||
| Screening Inventory-Second Version, M (SD) | |||
| Alcohol and drug problems | 5.4(1.8) | 2.9 (5.4) | t(498) = -8.6, p < .001, d = 0.62 |
| Suicidal ideation | 2.8(2.5) | 1.8(2.2) | t(631) = -5.7, p <. 001, d = 0.42 |
| Lifetime trauma | 3.3(1.5) | 2.7(1.7) | t(701) = -4.5, p <. 001, d = 0.37 |
| Brief Symptom Inventory, M(SD) | |||
| Global Severity Index | 50.4 (35.6) | 38.7 (33.4) | t(721) = -4.6, p <. 001, d = 0.39 |
| Somatization | 4.0 (4.5) | 3.3 (4.3) | t(721) = -2.3, p <. 05, d = 0.16 |
| Obsessive-compulsive | 8.0 (5.7) | 5.5 (4.9) | t(612) = -6.1, p <. 001, d = 0.47 |
| Depression | 5.6 (5.4) | 4.0 (4.7) | t(622) = -4.2, p < .001, d = 0.32 |
| Anxiety | 5.2 (5.0) | 3.7 (4.4) | t(633) = -4.1, p <. 001, d = 0.32 |
| Hostility | 6.7 (4.9) | 5.5 (4.9) | t(721) = -3.3, p < .01, d = 0.24 |
| Phobic anxiety | 2.3(3.4) | 1.8(3.0) | t(721) = -2.1, p < .05, d = 0.16 |
| Paranoid ideation | 7.0 (4.6) | 5.7 (4.7) | t(721) = -3.5, p < .01, d = 0.28 |
| Psychoticism | 4.4(4.2) | 3.1 (3.5) | t(610) = -4.5, p < .001, d = 0.34 |
| Antisocial Process Screening | |||
| Device (APSD), M (SD) | |||
| APSD total | 17.5(5.3) | 15.3 (5.5) | t(720) = -5.4, p < .001, d = 0.41 |
| Impulsivity | 7.2 (1.9) | 5.9 (2.2) | t(720) = -8.0, p < .001, d = 0.63 |
| Psychopathic Personality | |||
| Inventory (PPI), M (SD) | |||
| PPI-Short Version total | 140.6(14.6) | 133.2(12.7) | t(619) = -7.2, p <.001, d = 0.54 |
| Social potency | 21.0(4.1) | 20.4 (4.2) | t(721) = -2.1, p < .05, d = 0.14 |
| Cold-heartedness | 15.6(4.9) | 14.9 (4.4) | t(636) = -2.0, p< .05, d = 0.15 |
| Carefree nonplanfulness | 15.2(4.0) | 13.5 (3.7) | t(721) = -5.7, p < .001, d = 0.44 |
| Fearlessness | 18.2(5.2) | 16.2(5.1) | t(721) = -5.2, p< .001, d = 0.39 |
| Blame externalization | 18.8(4.6) | 17.8 (4.9) | t(721) = -3.0, p < .01, d = 0.21 |
| Impulsive nonconformity | 15.5(4.5) | 14.2 (3.8) | t(609) = -4.1, p< .001, d = 0.31 |
| Self-Report of Delinquency (SRD), M(SD) | |||
| SRD total | 27.5(18.4) | 22.0 (18.2) | t(721) = -4.0, p < .001, d = 0.30 |
| Property crime | 16.7(11.7) | 12.0 (11.5) | t(721) = -5.4, p < .001, d = 0.41 |
| Victimization index, M (SD) | 6.8 (5.8) | 5.9 (6.0) | t(721) = -2.0, p < .05, d = 0.15 |
| Onset of criminal offending and contact with police, M(SD) | |||
| Age at commission of first crime | 10.3 (2.7) | 10.7 (3.0) | t(719) = 2.0, p < .05, d = 0.14 |
| Age at first contact with police | 10.8 (2.6) | 11.2(2.6) | t(719) = 2.1, p<.05, d = 0.15 |
Notes: OR = unadjusted odds ratio [with 95% confidence interval]
a
Cohen's effect size for two independent groups computed using t test values and associated degrees of freedom (cf. www.uccs.edu/∼faculty/lbecker for effect size calculator)
b
White vs. other
c
small town vs. other.