Table 1.
Beer |
Wine |
Shots of distilled spirits |
|||||
Variable | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |
Positive expectancies | |||||||
Sociability | |||||||
Expected effects | 3.03a | 0.70 | 2.82a | 0.68 | 3.00a | 0.77 | |
Subjective evaluations | 3.56a | 0.93 | 3.44a | 0.79 | 3.40a | 0.97 | |
Tension reduction | |||||||
Expected effects | 2.28a | 0.72 | 2.57b | 0.78 | 2.12a | 0.77 | |
Subjective evaluations | 3.24a,b | 0.97 | 3.39b | 0.90 | 3.08a | 0.87 | |
Liquid courage | |||||||
Expected effects | 2.23a | 0.70 | 2.19a | 0.64 | 2.28a | 0.70 | |
Subjective evaluations | 2.72a | 0.79 | 2.86a | 0.76 | 2.69a | 0.88 | |
Sexuality | |||||||
Expected effects | 2.08a | 0.74 | 2.19b | 0.73 | 2.09a | 0.73 | |
Subjective evaluations | 2.85a | 0.98 | 3.11b | 0.88 | 2.83a | 0.92 | |
Negative expectancies | |||||||
Cognitive and behavioral impairment | |||||||
Expected effects | 2.74a | 0.62 | 2.55b | 0.71 | 2.81a | 0.71 | |
Subjective evaluations | 1.79a | 0.66 | 1.91b | 0.67 | 1.77a | 0.67 | |
Risk and aggression | |||||||
Expected effects | 2.27a,b | 0.68 | 2.10b | 0.66 | 2.34a | 0.71 | |
Subjective evaluations | 2.14a | 0.75 | 2.30a | 0.65 | 2.25a | 0.76 | |
Self-perception | |||||||
Expected effects | 1.92a,b | 0.70 | 1.85b | 0.69 | 2.02a | 0.79 | |
Subjective evaluations | 1.73a | 0.78 | 1.91a | 0.79 | 1.87a | 0.80 |
Notes: Response options for the expected effects component are 1 = disagree to 4 = agree. Response options for the subjective evaluations component are 1 = bad to 3 = neutral to 5 = good. Different letter superscripts within expectancy subscales indicate a significant difference between conditions.