Table 2.

Multinomial Probit Model (Reference Group: Vaginal Delivery)^†,^‡

	C-Section with Complications		C-Section on Maternal Request
Variables	Coefficient	Robust SE	Coefficient	Robust SE
Main explanatory variables
Log of general fertility rate	−0.196	0.174	−0.421**	0.086
Log of lagged ob/gyns per 100 births	0.387	0.520	0.238	0.182
Patients' characteristics
Age	0.052**	0.001	0.061**	0.004
Insurable wage (÷102)	−0.0004**	0.00004	−0.0005**	0.0001
Previous c-section	5.778**	0.023	3.016**	0.034
Fetal distress	4.694**	0.015	—§	—§
Dystocia	5.522**	0.097	—§	—§
Breech	6.761**	0.021	—§	—§
Other complications	2.521**	0.007	—§	—§
Institutional characteristics
Private nonprofit	−0.412**	0.021	0.138**	0.068
Proprietary (reference: public)	0.252**	0.030	1.041**	0.087
Medical center	0.108*	0.049	0.246**	0.085
Regional hospital	−0.431**	0.029	0.009**	0.003
District hospital (reference: clinic)	−0.171**	0.018	0.263**	0.092
Teaching hospital (reference: nonteaching)	0.090**	0.015	0.048	0.073
Bed size (÷102)	−0.029**	0.003	−0.0005	0.002
Ob/gyn characteristics
Ob/gyn age	−0.004	0.004	−0.003	0.011
Ob/gyn gender (reference: female)	−0.003	0.022	0.148**	0.024
Constant	−4.323**	0.190	−5.126**	0.573
Log likelihood	−4,001,293.35
Marginal effect of log of general fertility rate (SE)	−0.0005 (0.0019)		−0.0087 (0.0023)**
Marginal effect of log of lagged ob/gyns per 100 births (SE)	0.0011 (0.0024)		0.0014 (0.0062)

^†N=2,235,627 (6,353 CDMR cases with obstetric complications were excluded).

^‡The multinomial probit regression includes a full set of time and regional dummies and is clustered by city/county.

^§Coefficients and SEs were not estimated because CDMR by definition does not have medical complications.

^*p<.05,

^**p<.01.

CDMR, cesarean deliveries on maternal request; c-section, cesarean section; Ob/gyn, obstetrician and gynecologist.