Table 2.
Association of Reported Elder Self-neglect or Abuse With All-Cause Mortalitya
| Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reported Elder Self-neglectb | Reported Elder Abusec | |||||
| Model A | Model B | Model C | Model A | Model B | Model C | |
| Cohortd | 0.72 (0.63–0.81) | 0.71 (0.62–0.81) | 0.91 (0.62–0.80) | 0.79 (0.71–0.89) | 0.79 (0.69–0.89) | 0.79 (0.69–0.89) |
| Age per y (mean, 75 y) | 1.08 (1.07–1.09) | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) | 1.09 (1.08–1.09) | 1.05 (1.04–1.05) | 1.05 (1.04–1.05) |
| Male sex | 1.70 (1.58–1.83) | 1.72 (1.58–1.88) | 1.72 (1.58–1.87) | 1.69 (1.57–1.82) | 1.75 (1.60–1.90) | 1.74 (1.59–1.89) |
| Black race | 0.82 (0.76–0.89) | 0.61 (0.56–0.67) | 0.61 (0.56–0.67) | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) | 0.68 (0.63–0.74) | 0.68 (0.62–0.74) |
| Education per y (mean completion, 12 y) | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) |
| Mean income | 0.95 (0.93–0.99) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.93 (0.91–0.95) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) |
| Age × education | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
| Sex × education | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
| Married | 0.91 (0.93–0.96) | 0.95 (0.88–1.04) | 0.95 (0.88–1.04) | 0.93 (0.86–1.01) | 0.98 (0.89–1.06) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) |
| Weight loss per kg | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) | 0.98 (0.86–1.02) | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) | ||
| Cigarette smoking (ever) | 1.31 (1.22–1.42) | 1.31 (1.22–1.42) | 1.36 (1.26–1.46) | 1.36 (1.26–1.47) | ||
| Alcohol use (>12 drinks in last 12 mo) | 0.93 (0.98–0.99) | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 0.92 (0.84–0.99) | ||
| Medical conditions | 1.14 (1.10–1.18) | 1.14 (1.10–1.18) | 1.15 (1.11–1.19) | 1.15 (1.12–1.19) | ||
| Test scorese | ||||||
| Global cognition | 0.71 (0.68–0.74) | 0.71 (0.68–0.74) | 0.71 (0.68–0.74) | 0.71 (0.68–0.74) | ||
| Katz impairment | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | 1.07 (1.02–1.11) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 1.06 (1.01–1.10) | ||
| Nagi impairment | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 1.03 (0.99–1.06) | ||
| Physical performance | 0.92 (0.91–0.93) | 0.92 (0.91–0.93) | 0.91 (0.90–0.92) | 0.91 (0.90–0.92) | ||
| Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale |
1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | ||||
| Social network | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | ||||
| Reported self-neglect 1-y follow-up |
750 (6.77–8.30) | 5.84 (5.23–6.53) | 5.82 (5.20–6.51) | |||
| >1-y follow-up | 2.36 (2.11–2.62) | 1.88 (1.67–2.14) | 1.88 (1.67–2.14) | |||
| Reported elder abuse | 1.77 (1.38–2.28)f | 1.43 (1.08–1.85)g | 1.39 (1.07–1.84)g | |||
Lower scores for continuous variables correspond with lower cognition or impairment and higher scores correspond to higher cognition or impairment. See “Methods” section for explanation of what was tested in models A, B, and C.
Association between mortality risk and reported elder self-neglect occurs during the first year of follow-up.
Association between mortality risk and reported elder abuse occurs after the first year of follow-up.
Refers to the original cohort or the successive cohort of the Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP).
The incremental change refers to the unit increase in the score. The ranges for these scores appear in Table 1.
Indicates P< .001 for comparison.
Indicates P< .05 for comparison.