hVFF proliferation rates in polystyrene and 3D Carbylan-GSX conditions. The cells were initially seeded in 96-well plate at 2 × 103 cells/well with DMEM-10%FBS, then treated with different dose of TNF-α (0.1 to 100ng/ml), and cell number was determined in quadruplicate by the CellTiter-Glo Luminescence cell viability assay at Day 0, 3, 6 and 9. Values represent the mean SD of four RLU (relative luminescence unit) for each TNF-α concentration. (A) Cell proliferation rates in 3D Carbylan-GSX: at day 9, TNF-α (1 to 100ng/ml) caused significant inhibition (p<0.0002) compared to control without TNF-α; (B) Cell proliferation rates on polystyrene. TNF-α caused significant inhibition compared to control without TNF-α (p<0.0001).