HSF1 is a transcriptional regulator of sex chromosomal multicopy genes in testis. A, ChIP analysis of HSF1 binding to several sex chromosomal multicopy genes in wild-type (Hsf1 WT) and Hsf1 knock-out (Hsf1 KO) testis. In addition, examples of an X-chromosomal multicopy gene, Ssxb2, and a single-copy gene, Hsp70, not bound by HSF1 are shown. NS, nonspecific antibody; AcH4, acetylated histone H4. Input represents 1% of the total material used in the ChIP assay. B, real-time RT-PCR analysis of gene expression in whole wild-type (Hsf1 WT) and knock-out (Hsf1 KO) testes. The mRNA levels were normalized to the round spermatid-specific Pfn3. The relative expression was calculated from the Hsf1 WT sample, which arbitrarily was set to 1. Mean ± S.D. (n = 3); ***, p < 0.005.