Altered expression of inflammatory markers in CX3CR1-deficient APPPS1 mouse model of AD. Relative mRNA expression of TNFα (A), IL1β (B), and MCP-1 (C) in APPPS1;Cx3cr1+/+ (n = 7), APPPS1;Cx3cr1+/− (n = 8), and APPPS1;Cx3cr1−/− (n = 9) mice at 4 months. The mRNA levels for each cytokine were normalized to the mRNA levels of GAPDH and expressed relative to that of nontransgenic C57BL/6J mice. Results from APPPS1;Cx3cr1+/− and APPPS1;Cx3cr1−/− animals were compared with results from age-matched APPPS1;Cx3cr1+/+ controls (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).