. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Oct 31.

Published in final edited form as: J Aging Health. 2008 Jun;20(4):456–477. doi: 10.1177/0898264308315857

Table 4.

Characteristics at Wave 1 of All Participants, Cognitively Unimpaired Participants, Impaired Participants, Those Who Recovered by Wave 2, and Those Who Remained Cognitively Impaired at Wave 2

	Total at Wave 1		Unimpaired at Wave 1		Impaired at Wave 1		Recovery by Wave 2		Remain Cognitively Impaired at Wave 2

	Low Ed	High Ed	Low Ed	High Ed	Low Ed	High Ed	Low Ed	High Ed	Low Ed	High Ed
Number of cases	3,163	3,975	2,794	3,837	369	138	79	15	148	58
Age (in years)	78.8	76.6	78.1	76.4	82.1	81.6	80.0	77.4	82.6	81.6
Female	61.9	62.4	61.9	62.4	63.9	62.8	57.1^***	36.2^***	75.1	72.5
Telephone interview	53.1	66.3^*	54.4^**	66.6^, ^*	46.5	58.9^*	56.6	64.9	49.6	62.7
Proxy Wave 1	15.6	7.3^*	11.9^**	5.0^, ^*	47.0	73.8^*	28.1	62.5^*	53.2	79.3^*
Proxy Wave 1/2
Perf/perf	78.0	90.3^*	83.1^**	92.2^, ^*	28.5	9.5^*	43.6^***	13.3	21.3	8.4^*
Proxy/perf	2.0	1.3^*	2.1	1.3^*	2.5	4.9	5.5^***	21.5^***	1.2	0.0
Perf/proxy	9.2	4.0^*	6.5^**	3.6^, ^*	26.3	15.0	28.3	24.1	25.4	12.3
Proxy/proxy	10.7	4.3^*	8.3^**	3.0^, ^*	42.6	70.5^*	22.6^***	41.1^, ^**	52.1	79.3^*
Can	11.6	15.4^*	12	15.3^*	8.5	18.0^*	5.2	7.8	5.4	18.7^*
Depressed	32.0	19.7^*	30.5^**	19.6^*	53.0	25.6^*	55.2	17.6	51.6	18.0^*
Diabetes	15.5	10.7^*	15.6	10.7^*	15.3	14.8	14.4	24.7	13.3	14.6
Hearing problem	32.5	21.1^*	31.4^**	20.6^, ^*	41.5	35.2	40.3	41.0	39.1	42.5
Heart disease	35.3	28.9^*	35.2	29.0^*	37.1	26.4	29.5	16.6	34.8	27.6
Hypertension	53.2	47.0^*	53.6	47.4^*	53.2	45.2	55.3	26.6^*	49.9	54.1
Stroke	10.6	7.2^*	9.1^**	6.4^, ^*	22.9	29.2	17.1	41.5^*	15.7	22.6

p < .05, from chi-square test between education groups within impaired or recovery category.

^**

p < .05, from chi-square test between unimpaired and impaired within education groups.

^***

p < .05, from chi-square test between those who recovered and those who stayed impaired within education groups.