Table 2.

Differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia in neonates and infants (up to 2 years of age)

Iatrogenic Phosphate Depletion Premature infants on human milk or standard formula Parenteral nutrition Hyperparathyroidism Congenital parathyroid hyperplasia Maternal hypoparathyroidism Inactivating mutations in Ca2+-sensing receptor gene Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (familial benign hypercalcemia) Neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism Jansen’s metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Persistent PTHrP Hypervitaminosis D Subcutaneous fat necrosis Williams syndrome/Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia Other inborn metabolic disorders Blue diaper syndrome Lactase deficiency Disaccharide intolerance Bartter syndrome Hypophosphatasia IMAGe Down syndrome Severe congenital hypothyroidism Maternal hypercalcemia Vitamin A intoxication