Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Pediatr. 2010 Aug;22(4):508–515. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e32833b7c23

Table 4.

Hypercalcemia in children (over 2 years of age) and adolescents

  • Excessive calcium intake

  • Phosphate depletion

  • Parenteral nutrition

  • Hyperparathyroidism

    • Acquired primary

      • adenoma

      • multi-glandular

      • carcinoma

    • Genetic primary

      • autosomal dominant/récessive FHH

      • familial

      • MEN types I and IIa (IIb)

      • Hyperparathyroidism-Jaw tumor

    • Autonomous (tertiary)

  • Hypervitaminosis D

    • Excessive intake

    • Granulomatous diseases: cat scratch fever; sarcoidosis; tuberculosis; histoplasmosis; coccidiomycosis; leprosy; HIV

    • Chronic inflammatory disorders

  • Williams syndrome/ Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia

  • Immobilization

  • Malignancy associated hypercalcemia

    • Primary bone tumors

    • Metastatic tumors with osteolysis

    • Tumors secreting PTHrP, prostaglandins, cytokines, growth factors

  • Hepatic disease

  • Hyperthyroidism

  • Adrenal insufficiency

  • Pheochromocytoma

  • Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-secreting tumor

  • Drugs (thiazides, lithium, systemic retinoid derivatives, theophylline, acetosalicylic acid)

  • Milk alkali syndrome/ calcium gluttony

  • Renal tubular acidosis