Table 2.
Group characteristics for ON-beginner and OFF-beginner subgroups.
| ON first Mean ± SD (range) | OFF first Mean ± SD (range) | t | df | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 69.1 ± 7.9 (59–83) | 61.9 ± 7.1 (52–69) | −1.874 | 13 | 0.084 |
| Education in years | 13.7 ± 5.0 (8.0–20.0) | 14.3 ± 3.1 (11–20) | 0.253 | 13 | 0.804 |
| Years since diagnosis | 1.9 ± 1.6 (0–4.0) | 1.5 ± 1.7 (0–5.0) | −0.514 | 13 | 0.616 |
| Years since first symptoms | 5.6 ± 5.4 (0–14.0) | 3.1 ± 2.0 (1–6.5) | −1.133a | 7.515 | 0.292 |
| Daily levodopa dose in mg | 607.1 ± 300.6 (200–1100) | 506.3 ± 156.8 (200–700) | −0.832 | 13 | 0.421 |
| Hoehn and Yahr stage ON | 2.1 ± 0.6 (1.0–3.0) | 1.3 ± 0.4 (1.0–2.0) | −3.192 | 13 | 0.007b |
| Hoehn and Yahr stage OFF | 2.7 ± 0.4 (2.0–3.0) | 1.4 ± 0.4 (1.0–2.0) | −6.070 | 13 | 0.000 |
| UPDRS score ON | 23.4 ± 7. 7(12–33) | 15.4 ± 5.7 (10–26) | −2.322 | 13 | 0.037 |
| UPDRS score OFF | 37.1 ± 10.2 (23–51) | 24.5 ± 7.7 (13–40) | −2.733 | 13 | 0.017 |
| BDI score ON | 10.1 ± 4.9 (2–16) | 4.1 ± 4.7 (0–14) | −2.438 | 13 | 0.030 |
| BDI score OFF | 13.3 ± 9.5 (6–32) | 4.9 ± 3.6 (0–9) | −2.334 | 12 | 0.038 |
| MMSE score ON | 28.5 ± 0.8 (28–30) | 28.8 ± 1.4 (27–30) | 0.418a | 11.608 | 0.684 |
| MMSE score OFF | 28.3 ± 0.8 (27–29) | 28.8 ± 1.0 (27–30) | 0.812 | 12 | 0.433 |
| PDQ score ON | 46.5 ± 26.7 (5–88) | 17.5 ± 14.5 (2–37) | −2.618 | 12 | 0.022 |
| PDQ score OFF | 57.3 ± 27.7 (12–97) | 18.6 ± 15.0 (4–45) | −3.380 | 12 | 0.005 |
| FSS score ON | 5.1 ± 2.0 (1.9–7.0) | 2.5 ± 1.2 (1.0–3.9) | −2.996 | 12 | 0.011 |
| FSS score OFF | 5.0 ± 1.8 (1.9–6.7) | 2.6 ± 1.2 (1.1–4.9) | −2.491 | 11 | 0.030 |
aNumbers in italics represent tests, in which variances could not be considered as equal. bBold numbers represent significant differences (p < 0.05). BDI, Beck depression inventory; FSS, fatigue severity scale; MMSE, mini mental state examination; PDQ, Parkinson's disease questionnaire; UPDRS, unified Parkinson's disease rating scale; SD, standard deviation.