Table 1.
Descriptive statistics and response format
| Variables | 1995 (n=618) | 2005 (n= 566) | Response format | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variables | |||||
| Race/ethnic matching (%) | 45.6 | --- | 1 = Unit offers race/ethnic matching | ||
| 0 = Unit does not offer race/ethnic matching | |||||
| Bilingual staff (%) | 49.5 | --- | 1 = Unit has bilingual staff | ||
| 0 = Unit does not have bilingual staff | |||||
| Spanish staff (%) | 40.1 | --- | 1 = Unit has Spanish speaking staff | ||
| 0 = Unit does not have Spanish speaking staff | |||||
| % Cross-cultural training, M (SD) | 56.8 (41.2) | 68.3 (40.7) | % of staff trained in previous fiscal year | ||
| # Cross-cultural training hrs, M (SD) | 9.4 (15.6) | 6.7 (7.6) | # of hours of cross-cultural training received | ||
| Independent variables | |||||
| Supervisor's support for race matching (%) | |||||
| Strongly supports | 11.4 | --- | 1 = Strongly supports race matching | ||
| 0 = Does not strongly support race matching | |||||
| Supports | 47.4 | --- | 1 = Supports race matching | ||
| 0 = Does not support race matching | |||||
| Neutral/does not support (referent) | 41.3 | --- | 1 = Neutral/does not support race matching | ||
| 0 = Supports or strongly supports race matching | |||||
| Supervisor's support for language matching (%) | |||||
| Strongly supports | 61.6 | --- | 1 = Strongly supports language matching | ||
| 0 = Does not strongly support language matching | |||||
| Supports | 31.4 | --- | 1 = Supports language matching | ||
| 0 = Does not support language matching | |||||
| Neutral/does not support (referent) | 7 | --- | 1 = Neutral/does not support language matching | ||
| 0 = Supports or strongly supports language matching | |||||
| Supervisor's cultural sensitivity, M (SD) | 55.6 (20.0) | 56.0 (14.7) | Rasch composite interval measure. Ranges from 0 (low) to 100 (high) sensitivity | ||
| Director's tenure, M (SD) | 14.1 (6.9) | 17.7 (9.0) | Number of years in current position | ||
| Director's license (%) | 56.8 | 60 | 1 = Director has a professional license | ||
| 0 = Director does not have a professional license | |||||
| Director in community, M (SD) | 2.6 (3.2) | 2.3 (3.3) | Monthly number of hours in community events | ||
| Director's education, M (SD) | 16.4 (1.2) | 16.3 (1.2) | Number of years of academic education | ||
| Control Variables | |||||
| Client racial/ethnic div ersity in unit | |||||
| High – Latino/a (%) | 15.6 | --- | 1 = > 30% of total clients are Latino/a | ||
| 0 = ≤ 30% of total clients are Latino/a | |||||
| Medium – Latino/a (%) | 23.9 | --- | 1 = 6% to 30% of total clients are Latino/a | ||
| 0 = 6% to 30% of total clients are not Latino/a | |||||
| Low - Latino/a (referent) (%) | 60.5 | --- | 1 = < 5% of total clients are Latino/a | ||
| 0 = ≥ 5% of total clients are Latino/a | |||||
| High – Black (%) | 27.6 | 29.3 | 1 = > 40% of total clients are Black | ||
| 0 = ≤ 40% of total clients are Black | |||||
| Medium – Black (%) | 23.5 | 23.5 | 1 = 10% to 40 % of total clients are Black | ||
| 0 = 10% to 40 % of total clients are not Black | |||||
| Low - Black (referent) (%) | 48.9 | 47.2 | 1 = < 10% of total clients are Black | ||
| 0 = ≥ 10% of total clients are Black | |||||
| Organizational Factors | |||||
| % public revenue, M (SD) | 55.8 (37.0) | 52.7 (38.9) | % of total budget | ||
| State license (%) | 92.3 | 91.7 | 1 = Unit has a state license | ||
| 0 = Unit does not have a state license | |||||
| Accreditation (JCAHO) (%) | 24.6 | 25.2 | 1 = Unit has JCAHO accreditation | ||
| 0 = Unit does not have JCAHO accreditation | |||||
| Unit size (number of clients), M (SD) | 347 (754) | 663 (1268) | Number of total clients served past fiscal year (logarithm and mean-centered in analyses) | ||
| Number of services, M (SD) | 12.1 (6.4) | --- | Ranges from 0 to 26 | ||
| Staff resources, Median (SD) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.2) | Ratio of staff to clients (logarithm and mean-centered in analyses) | ||
| Methadone (%) | 20.7 | 27.9 | 1 = Unit is a methadone provider | ||
| 0 = Unit is not a methadone provider | |||||
| Urban unit (%) | 48.9 | 31 | 1 = Unit is within metropolitan area | ||
| 0 = Unit is not within metropolitan area | |||||
| Ownership | |||||
| For profit (%) | 13.9 | 22.5 | 1 = Unit is for profit | ||
| 0 = Unit is not for profit | |||||
| Non-for profit (%) | 62.3 | 57.5 | 1 = Unit is non-for profit | ||
| 0 = Unit is not non-for profit | |||||
| Public (referent) (%) | 23.8 | 20 | 1 = Unit is public | ||
| 0 = Unit is not public | |||||
| Affiliation | |||||
| Unit in hospital (%) | 18.3 | 13.3 | 1 = Unit is affiliated with hospital | ||
| 0 = Unit is not affiliated with hospital | |||||
| Unit in mental health facility (%) | 22.5 | 14.5 | 1 = Unit is affiliated with mental health center | ||
| 0 = Unit is not affiliated with mental health center | |||||
| Free standing unit (referent) (%) | 59.2 | 72.2 | 1 = Unit is free standing | ||
| 0 = Unit is not free standing | |||||
Note. Variables not included in 2005 analyses are marked as “---”.