Table 5.

Parameter Estimates of Hierarchical Regression Analyses of the Behavioral Problems Factor

Parameter	Model
	1		2		3		4		5
	Parameter estimate	SE	Parameter estimate	SE	Parameter estimate	SE	Parameter estimate	SE	Parameter estimate	SE
Random effects (variance components)
Individual (σ2)	0.72*	0.03	0.64*	0.03	0.64*	0.03	0.64*	0.03	0.64*	0.03
Nuclear-family level ( ${\tau }_{\pi }^2$)	0.13*	0.04	0.13*	0.03	0.13*	0.03	0.13*	0.03	0.14*	0.03
Twin-family level ( ${\tau }_{\beta }^2$)	0.16*	0.04	0.12*	0.03	0.13*	0.03	0.13*	0.03	0.08*	0.03
Fixed effects
Intercept (γ000)	−0.01	0.02	−4.93*	0.37	−4.93*	0.37	−4.93*	0.37	−5.20*	0.42
Divorce (at any age)
Parental divorce (β01t)			0.26*	0.05
Between-families (γ001)					0.32*	0.07	0.32*	0.07	0.23*	0.08
Within-family (β02t)					0.21*	0.07
Within-family MZ (γ010)							0.18*	0.09	0.17	0.10a
Within-family DZ–MZ (γ001)							0.05	0.13	0.01	0.14
Level 1 variables
Age (π1nt)			0.36*	0.03	0.36*	0.03	0.36*	0.03	0.36*	0.03
Age2 (π2nt)			−0.01*	0.00	−0.01*	0.00	−0.01*	0.00	−0.01*	0.00
Gender (π3nt)			0.41*	0.04	0.41*	0.04	0.41*	0.04	0.41*	0.04
Twin type (γ002)							0.01	0.05	−0.02	0.05
Parental characteristics: Maternal
Conduct (β03t)									0.05	0.03
Alcohol abuse (β04t)									0.09	0.06
Depression (β05t)									−0.01	0.02
Drug use (β06t)									0.10	0.08
Smoking (β07t)									0.14*	0.06
Suicidality (β07t)									0.04	0.03
Education (β08t)									0.01	0.02
Age at first birth (β09t)									−0.01	0.01
Parental characteristics: Paternal
Conduct (β010t)									0.07*	0.03
Alcohol abuse (β011t)									0.06	0.05
Depression (β012t)									0.00	0.01
Drug use (β013t)									0.04	0.06
Smoking (β014t)									0.13*	0.06
Suicidality (β015t)									−0.01	0.03
Education (β016t)									0.03*	0.01
Age at first birth (β017t)									−0.01	0.01

Note. MZ = monozygotic; DZ = dizygotic.

^aThe within-family estimate was significant ( p < .05) in the last model without the interaction with twin type.