Table 1.
Descriptive statistics: Background characteristics, maternal and paternal language, and children’s language at 15 and 36 months
| n | Mean | sd | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background characteristics | |||
| State (PA = 1) | 515 | 0.59 | 0.49 |
| Hours per week in childcare | 515 | 16.36 | 17.68 |
| Income-to-needs ratio at 15 months | 515 | 2.57 | 1.79 |
| Ethnicity (African American = 1) | 515 | 0.19 | 0.39 |
| Mother age at 6-month visit | 515 | 28.37 | 5.48 |
| Father age at 6-month visit | 515 | 30.86 | 6.30 |
| Mother employment (employed = 1) | 515 | 0.59 | 0.49 |
| Father employment (employed = 1) | 515 | 0.89 | 0.31 |
| Total household size | 515 | 4.27 | 1.20 |
| Number of children under 18 in the household | 515 | 2.13 | 0.50 |
| Geographic isolation (mean distance in km to county assets) | 502 | 5.76 | 3.72 |
| Child characteristics | |||
| Child distress IBQ subscale | 512 | 3.31 | 0.78 |
| Birth order (first born = 1) | 515 | 0.35 | 0.48 |
| Maternal education and language | |||
| Maternal education in years | 515 | 13.51 | 2.14 |
| Mother time spent in book activity in seconds | 500 | 171.36 | 73.36 |
| Maternal number of different word roots | 500 | 75.50 | 28.55 |
| Paternal education and language | |||
| Paternal education in years | 515 | 13.26 | 2.12 |
| Father time spent in book activity in seconds | 477 | 179.46 | 80.08 |
| Paternal number of different word roots | 477 | 73.19 | 31.99 |
| Child language | |||
| CSBS total communication composite score at 15 months | 514 | 102.80 | 14.88 |
| PLS expressive language subscale at 36 months | 486 | 101.67 | 16.63 |