Table 2.
Design information and outcomes
| Authors | Sample size |
Research design and assignment | Predominant psychiatric diagnoses/comparison |
Baseline status | Self-help outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beals et al. (2006) | 2,825 | Retrospective self-report | 22.6% Depression or Anxiety disorders |
||
| Bogenschutz (2005) | 10 | Prospective uncontrolled | 80% Schizophrenia | +SU | |
| Bogenschutz and Akin (2000) | 81 | Retrospective self-report | 50.6% Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective disorders |
−/=Involve (diagnosis) |
|
| Brooks and Penn (2003) | 112 | Prospective randomized | 50.5% Mood disorders | 50% previously incarcerated |
+SU −Psych |
| Brown et al. (2006) | 66 | Prospective randomized | 100% Major Depressive Disorder |
=Psych =SU |
|
| Brush and McGee (2000) | 100 | Retrospective self-report | Not reported | 100% homeless | |
| Chen (2006) | 93 | Prospective quasi-experimental | Only symptoms reported | 100% offenders | +Psych |
| Chi et al. (2006) | 104 | Prospective quasi-experimental | 72% Major Depression; Dual vs. SU only |
+SU | |
| DiNitto et al. (2002) | 97 | Prospective uncontrolled | 74% Mood Disorders; Male vs. Female |
56% on probation or parole |
=Involve |
| DiNitto et al. (2001) | 97 | Prospective uncontrolled | 74% Mood Disorders | 55% on probation or parole |
=Involve =SU |
| Easton et al. (2007) | 78 | Prospective randomized | 14% Antisocial Personality Disorder |
100% domestic violence offenders |
=SU =Psych |
| Fichter et al. (1997) | 146 | Retrospective self-report | 44.4% Affective disorders | 100% homeless | |
| Friedman et al. (2005) | 132 | Retrospective self-report | 100% Bipolar Disorder | 68% legal offenses | |
| Gonzalez and Rosenheck (2002) | 5060 | Prospective quasi-experimental | Dual vs. SU only | Mean 37.8 days in past 60 Mean 1.6 days in jail or prison |
+SU |
| Grella (2003) | 400 | Prospective quasi-experimental | 63.7% Mood Disorders | 82% homeless at some point in lifetime |
=Involve (disorder) |
| Herman et al. (2000) | 429 | Prospective randomized | 28.1% Schizophrenia | +SU | |
| Herman et al. (1991) | 100 | Retrospective self-report | 36% Personality disorders; Homeless vs. Not |
46% homeless | +Involve (homeless) |
| Hoff et al. (1999) | 352 | Retrospective record review | 82% Dually-diagnosed | 100% individuals qualified for jail diversion |
|
| Jerrell (1996) | 132 | Prospective quasi-experimental | 100% Dually diagnosed | −SU −Psych |
|
| Jerrell and Ridgely (1995) | 31 | Prospective quasi-experimental | 39% Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective disorder |
−Psych | |
| Jerrell and Ridgely (1999a) | 132 | Prospective quasi-experimental | 100% Dually-diagnosed | −Psych | |
| Jerrell and Ridgely (1999b) | 132 | Prospective quasi-experimental | 76% Schizophrenia | ||
| Jerrell and Wilson (1997) | 132 | Prospective quasi-experimental | 75.8% Schizophrenia | −Psych | |
| Jordan et al. (2002) | 351 | Prospective quasi-experimental | 50% Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective |
−Involve (disorder) |
|
| Kelly et al. (2003) | 2161 | Prospective quasi-experimental | MDD with SU vs. SU only | −Involve (MDD) +/=SU =Psych |
|
| Kilbourne et al. (2002) | 974 | Retrospective self-report | 48.4% Depressive symptoms in previous 12 months |
100% homeless | −/=Psych |
| Kingree (1995) | 196 | Retrospective self-report | Collected but not reported | −/=Psych | |
| Laudet, Cleland, Magura, Vogel, and Knight (2004) | 99 | Prospective uncontrolled | 43% Schizophrenia | 9% homeless | +SU |
| Laudet, Magura, Cleland, Vogel, and Knight (2003) | 276 | Prospective uncontrolled | 35% Schizophrenia | ||
| Laudet et al. (2004) | 233 | Prospective uncontrolled | 39% Schizophrenia | +SU | |
| Laudet et al. (2000a) | 310 | Retrospective self-report | 43% Schizophrenia | 6% homeless 7% on probation or parole |
|
| Laudet, Magura, Vogel, and Knight (2000b) | 310 | Retrospective self-report | 43% Schizophrenia | 6% homeless 7% on probation or parole |
+SU +Psych |
| Laudet, Magura, Vogel, and Knight (2003) | 277 | Prospective uncontrolled | 31% Schizophrenia | 15% shelter or single-room occupancy |
|
| Laudet, Magura, Vogel, and Knight (2004) | 310 | Retrospective self-report | 35% Schizophrenia | 6% homeless 7% on probation or parole |
|
| Magura et al. (2007) | 310 | Prospective uncontrolled | 39% Schizophrenia | 5% homeless | +Psych |
| Magura, Knight et al. (2003) | 276 | Prospective uncontrolled | 35% Schizophrenia | 2% homeless 63% arrested as adults |
+SU |
| Magura et al. (2002) | 240 | Prospective uncontrolled | 48% Schizophrenia | 11% homeless | +Psych |
| Magura, Laudet et al. (2003) | 277 | Prospective uncontrolled | 31% Schizophrenia | 5% homeless 66% arrested as adults |
+SU |
| Miller et al. (1999) | 2,029 | Prospective uncontrolled | 28% Lifetime major depression |
+SU | |
| Moggi et al. (1999) | 981 | Prospective quasi-experimental | 85.5% Non-psychotic disorders |
+Psych | |
| Moos, Finney, Ouimette, and Suchinsky (1999) | 3018 | Prospective quasi-experimental | 35% Dually diagnosed | 34% arrested in past 12 months |
+SU +Psych |
| Myrick and Brady (1997) | 44 | Retrospective quasi-experimental | Social Phobia vs. SU only | −Involve (Social Phobia) |
|
| Ouimette et al. (2001) | 1588 | Prospective quasi-experimental | PTSD/SU vs. SU only | +Psych =Involve |
|
| Ouimette et al. (1999) | 3018 | Prospective quasi-experimental | Dual vs. SU only | +SU +Psych =Involve |
|
| Ouimette et al. (2000) | 125 | Prospective uncontrolled | 100% PTSD and SU | +SU | |
| Ouimette et al. (2003) | 100 | Prospective uncontrolled | 100% PTSD and SU | +SU | |
| Penn and Brooks (2000) | 112 | Prospective quasi-experimental | 100% Dually diagnosed | 50% previously incarcerated |
+SU −Psych |
| Pristach and Smith (1999) | 60 | Retrospective self-report | 33% Affective disorders | =Involve (diagnosis) |
|
| Ridgely and Jerrell (1996) | 35 | Prospective | Staff interviews; none reported |
||
| Ritsher et al. (2002) | 2595 | Prospective quasi-experimental | Dual vs. SU only | +SU =Involve |
|
| Severance (2004) | 40 | Retrospective self-report | Not reported | 100% incarcerated | |
| Timko and Sempel (2004) | 230 | Prospective uncontrolled | 19% Major Depression | 13.9% no stable living arrangement |
+SU +Psych |
| Trumbetta et al. (1999) | 130 | Prospective uncontrolled | 35.4% Major depression | 100% homeless | +SU |
| Vogel et al. (1998) | 52 | Retrospective self-report | 46% Unipolar Depression | ||
| Westermeyer and Chitasombat (1996) | 137 | Retrospective self-report | Symptoms only; Compare ethnicity |
−Involve (Hmong) |
|
| Westermeyer et al. (1998) | 347 | Retrospective chart review and self-report |
Dysthymia vs. SU only | =Involve | |
| Westermeyer et al. (1997) | 411 | Retrospective chart review and self-report |
MDD vs. SU only | =Involve | |
| Westermeyer and Schneekloth (1999) | 325 | Retrospective chart review and self-report |
Schizophrenia/SU vs. SU only | =Involve | |
| Wright et al. (2002) | 40 | Retrospective self-report | Dual vs. PD only | 48% previous offenses |
Note. + indicates positive or beneficial findings.
− indicates negative or negative comparative findings.
= indicates equivalent or ambiguous findings.
Involve denotes group comparisons on self-help involvement or participation.
SU denotes substance use findings.
Psych denotes psychological variable findings.