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Induction of –1 (a) and +1 (b) frameshift mutations in yeast by human AAG. Plasmids pYES2.0 and pYES-AAG were transformed into the E133 or E134 yeast strains, then assessed for frameshift mutations by reversion from Lys– to Lys+. APN1 was also coexpressed to determine its effect on AAG-induced mutations (right bars). Bar graphs represent the mean ± standard deviations. *, significant difference from pYES control (P < 0.01).
