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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Gastroenterology. 2010 Jul 13;139(6):2195–2206. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.07.003

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Scheme of cross-talk interactions between TIM-3, Gal-9 and TLR4 signaling networks. IR-triggered liver damage leads to the activation of macrophages and Th1 cells, which express Gal-9 and TIM-3, respectively. TIM-3-Gal-9 signaling negatively regulates Th1 cells by suppressing TLR4-NF-κB pathway via IFN-γ, which in turn stimulates Gal-9 and prevents macrophage activation. Diminished elaboration of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine programs mitigates the hepatocellular damage and ultimately facilitates liver homeostasis.