Table 2.
HRs and 95% CI for lung cancer across quintiles of red and processed meat intake in the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial participants (men = 48,229; women = 51,350)
| Quintiles of baseline meat intake | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Ptrend | |
|
Men (Cases† = 454) | ||||||
| Red meat* (g/1000 kcal) | ≤ 20.9 (14.5) | > 20.9 and ≤ 31.0 (26.2) | > 31.0 and ≤ 41.0 (35.8) | > 41.0 and ≤ 54.8 (47.1) | > 54.8 (67.1) | |
| Age-and energy-adjusted HR§ | 1 | 1.27 (0.93, 1.72) | 1.30 (0.96, 1.78) | 1.49 (1.10, 2.02) | 1.71 (1.26, 2.32) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable HR~ | 1 | 1.02 (0.75, 1.41) | 1.00 (0.72, 1.38) | 1.06 (0.76, 1.47) | 1.11 (0.79, 1.56) | 0.42 |
| Processed meat* (g/1000 kcal) | ≤ 4.2 (2.6) | > 4.2 and ≤ 7.1 (5.6) | > 7.1 and ≤ 10.8 (8.7) | > 10.8 and ≤ 16.8 (13.3) | > 16.8 (22.6) | |
| Age-and energy-adjusted HR§ | 1 | 0.97 (0.71, 1.33) | 1.28 (0.95, 1.72) | 1.20 (0.89, 1.64) | 1.52 (1.13, 2.03) | 0.002 |
| Multivariable HR~ | 1 | 0.85 (0.62, 1.18) | 1.04 (0.76, 1.41) | 0.97 (0.70, 1.33) | 1.12 (0.83, 1.53) | 0.22 |
|
Women (Cases‡ = 328) | ||||||
| Red meat (g/1000 kcal) | ≤ 14.6 (9.4) | > 14.6 and ≤ 22.8 (18.8) | > 22.8 and ≤ 31.0 (26.7) | > 31.0 and ≤ 42.5 (36.1) | > 42.5 (52.8) | |
| Age-and energy-adjusted HR§ | 1 | 1.50 (1.04, 2.17) | 1.85 (1.29, 2.65) | 1.52 (1.04, 2.23) | 1.81 (1.25, 2.62) | 0.02 |
| Multivariable HR~ | 1 | 1.33 (0.91, 1.94) | 1.60 (1.10, 2.33) | 1.24 (0.84,1.85) | 1.30 (0.87, 1.95) | 0.65 |
| Processed meat* (g/1000 kcal) | ≤ 2.4 (1.4) | > 2.4 and ≤ 4.4 (3.4) | > 4.4 and ≤ 6.9 (5.5) | > 6.9 and ≤ 11.6 (8.8) | > 11.6 (16.9) | |
| Age-and energy-adjusted HR§ | 1 | 1.42 (1.00, 2.00) | 1.31 (0.92, 1.88) | 1.05 (0.72, 1.53) | 1.35 (0.95, 1.93) | 0.51 |
| Multivariable HR~ | 1 | 1.22 (0.86, 1.73) | 1.09 (0.76, 1.57) | 0.83 (0.56, 1.22) | 0.98 (0.68, 1.41) | 0.32 |
Range (median).
Adenocarcinomas (38%), squamous cell (21%), small cell (14%), large cell undifferentiated carcinomas (4%) other or not otherwise specified carcinoma (NOS) carcinomas (23%).
Adenocarcinomas (47%), squamous cell (14%), small cell (14%), large cell undifferentiated carcinomas (3%) and other or NOS carcinomas (22%).
Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for age and energy intake as continuous variable, using age as the underlying time metric. Meats are computed as grams per 1000 kcal of total energy intake. Models with red and processed meat are adjusted for white and non-processed meat, respectively, summing to total meat.
Cox proportional hazards regression model additionally adjusted for BMI, kg/m2 (<18.5, ≥ 18.5 to <25, ≥ 25 to <30, ≥ 30, missing), race (Caucasian, Black or Hispanic/Asian/Pacific Islander/American Indian/Alaskan native/unknown), education (Less than high school or unknown, High school graduate, College graduate), years since quit smoking (men: quit ≥1 to <5 yrs ago, quit ≥ 5 to < 10 yrs ago, ≥10 to <20 yrs ago, ≥20 yrs ago vs. current and quit <1 yr ago and never smokers; women: quit ≥1 to <10 yrs ago, quit ≥ 10 yrs ago vs. current and quit <1 yr ago and non-smokers), packs of cigarettes smoked per day (men: ≤ 1 packs, > 1 to ≤ 2 packs, > 2 packs/day vs. never smokers; women: ≤ 1 packs, > 1 packs/day vs. never smokers), age started smoking (continuous variable, 0 for never-smokers), number of years smoked (continuous variable, 0 for never-smokers), using pipe or cigar (current vs. former and never user) and intake of alcohol (servings/day) (categorical), energy-adjusted box-cox transformed vegetable and fruit servings, and total fat (continuous).