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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Adv Nurs. 2010 Aug 16;66(11):2560–2572. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05400.x

Table 1.

Medication-taking self-efficacy scales with HIV infection

Authors (year); tool used Sample Constructs measured Reported psychometric properties (s)
Eldred et al. (1998);
their own scale		 244 HIV- infected patients

  1. Self-Efficacy beliefs measured using 5-point scale

  2. Outcome Expectancy measured using 5-point scale
    1. Antiretroviral therapy
    2. Pnemocystis carinii Pneumonia
 -Cronbach alpha only

  1. Self-efficacy belief scale (9 items, α=.79).

  2. Outcome expectancy scale (# of items was not reported)
    1. Antiretroviral therapy subscale (# of items was not reported, α=.72)
    2. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia subscale (# of items was not reported. α =.77)
Gifford et al. (2000);
adapted from Lorig’s
scale (1996) developed
for use in chronic
disorders		 133 HIV-infected patients
receiving combination
antiretroviral therapy		 - HIV medication self-efficacy

  1. Perceived self-efficacy for HIV medication use

  2. Expectations of behavioral efficacy

  3. Outcome expectancy

 Cronbach alpha only
HIV medication self-efficacy scale (5 item, α=.88)
Catz et al. (2000);
adapted from Gifford and
colleagues (1996)		 72 HIV- infected
participants taking
antiretroviral therapy		 - Treatment adherence self-efficacy
 measured using a 10-point scale		 Cronbach alpha only
Treatment adherence self-efficacy scale (8 items,
 α=.87)
Chesney et al. (2000);
No information available		 75 HIV- infected patients
from 10 adult AIDS
clinical trials units		 - Adherence self-efficacy and beliefs about
 medication effectiveness measured using
 4-point Likert scale

  1. Self-efficacy belief

  2. Outcome expectancy

 No psychometric properties were reported

  1. Self-efficacy belief scale (3 items)

  2. Outcome expectancy scale (2 items)
Simoni et al. (2002);
their own scale		 54 HIV- infected patients - Self-efficacy to adhere to their prescribed
 medications measured using 4-point
 Likert scale		 Cronbach alpha only
Self-efficacy to adhere to the prescribed medications
 scale (5 items, α=.79)
Simoni et al. (2006);
their own scale		 136 HIV- infected patients - Self-efficacy to adhere to their prescribed
 medications measured using 4-point
 Likert scale		 Psychometric properties were not reported
Self-efficacy to adhere to the prescribed medications
 scale (5 items)
Kerr et al. (2005); their
own scale		 160 HIV- infected drug
users
  1. Adherence self-efficacy measured using 11-point scale ranging from 0 to 100
    1. Adherence efficacy expectation
    2. Self-regulatory efficacy

  2. Outcome expectancy measured using 11-point scale ranging from 0 to 100

 Cronbach alpha only

  1. Adherence self-efficacy scale (8 items; α=.82)

  2. Outcome expectancy scale (1 item, α= not available )
Godin et al. (2005); their
own scale		 361 HIV- infected patients
taking antiretroviral
therapy for at least 6
month

  1. Self-efficacy beliefs measured using 5-point Likert scale

  2. Outcome expectancies measured using 5-point Likert scale

 Cronbach alpha and two week test-retest reliability
only

  1. Self-efficacy belief scale (9 items, α=.87, two week test –retest reliability (intraclass correlation) =.71)

  2. Outcome expectancy scale (8 items, α=.73; two week test –retest reliability (intraclass correlation) =.75)
Kalichman et al. (2005);
their own scale		 81 lower literacy adults
living with HIV-AIDS		 - Pictographic HIV treatment self-efficacy
 for three selected situations: becoming
 unexpectedly busy in a social situation,
 oversleeping, and alcohol consumption.		 Two-week test-retest reliability (3 items, r(80) = 0.63,
 p < 0.01)
Convergent, divergent, criterion validity were
 validated
Johnson et al. (2007);
their own scale		 3112 HIV- infected
patients in two clinical
trials of behavioral
interventions		 -HIV- adherence self-efficacy measured by
using 10 point scale

  1. integration

  2. perseverance

 -Global component reliability of HIV-Adherence Self-
 Efficacy Scale (ASES) (12 items; ρ=.91, 95% CIs:
 89-.93 for study 1; ρ=.92, 95% CIs: .91-.92 for
 study 2 at baseline )
Three-month test-retest reliability of HIV-ASES
 (r=.71, 95% CIs: .62-.80 in integration subscale [9
 items]; r=.71, 95% CIs: .56-.86 in perseverance
 subscale [3 items] for study 1).
Construct validity, concurrent validity, divergent
 validity were validated.
Parsons et al. (2008a,
2008b); their own scale		 275 HIV- infected patients -Self- efficacy belief to take HIV medication
 using 5-point scale		 Cronbach alpha only
Adherence Self-Efficacy Scale (11 items, α=.91)