mmdh1mmdh2 knockout plants in Arabidopsis show reduced plant growth. A, RT-PCR from total RNA with primers for mMDH1 and mMDH2 compared with Actin2 control for mmdh mutants. B, Plant growth of single mmdh1, mmdh2, and mmdh1-2mmdh2 plants compared with the wild type (Wt) in long-day and short-day growth conditions at 25 and 40 d of growth, respectively.