Table 4.
Medical and Psychiatric Diagnoses in the Past Five Years.
| High-Dose Opioid Group (n=478) |
Traditional- Dose Opioid Group (n=500) |
No Opioid Group (n=500) |
Test (df) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medical Diagnoses | |||||
|
| |||||
| Hypertension | 298 (62.3%) | 346 (69.2%) | 292 (58.4%) | χ2 (2) = 12.9 | 0.002 |
| Congestive Heart | 59 (12.3%) | 43 (8.6%) | 32 (6.4%) | χ2 (2) = 10.7 | 0.005 |
| Failure | |||||
| Myocardial Infarction | 34 (7.1%) | 32 (6.4%) | 21 (4.2%) | χ2 (2) = 4.1 | 0.13 |
| Diabetes | 151 (31.6%) | 129 (25.8%) | 133 (26.6%) | χ2 (2) = 4.8 | 0.09 |
| Sleep Apnea | 97 (20.3%) | 96 (19.2%) | 82 (16.4%) | χ2 (2) = 2.6 | 0.27 |
| Cerebrovascular | 57 (11.9%) | 51 (10.2%) | 51 (10.2%) | χ2 (2) = 1.0 | 0.61 |
| Disease | |||||
| Peripheral Vascular | 55 (11.5%) | 45 (9.0%) | 38 (7.6%) | χ2 (2) = 4.5 | 0.11 |
| Disease | |||||
| Chronic Pulmonary | 176 (36.8%) | 175 (35.0%) | 146 (29.2%) | χ2 (2) = 7.0 | 0.03 |
| Disease | |||||
| Paraplegia and/or | 26 (5.4%) | 16 (3.2%) | 11 (2.2%) | χ2 (2) = 7.7 | 0.02 |
| Hemiplegia | |||||
|
| |||||
| Psychiatric Diagnoses | |||||
|
| |||||
| Major Depressive | 320 (66.9%) | 303 (60.6%) | 200 (40.0%) | χ2 (2) = 79.3 | < 0.001 |
| Disorder | |||||
| Dysthymic Disorder | 87 (18.2%) | 62 (12.4%) | 50 (10.0%) | χ2 (2) = 14.8 | 0.001 |
| Bipolar Disorder | 28 (5.9%) | 45 (9.0%) | 42 (8.4%) | χ2 (2) = 3.8 | 0.15 |
| Panic Disorder | 33 (6.9%) | 35 (7.0%) | 15 (3.0%) | χ2 (2) = 9.8 | 0.008 |
| Posttraumatic Stress | 179 (37.4%) | 169 (33.8%) | 134 (26.8%) | χ2 (2) = 13.1 | 0.001 |
| Disorder | |||||
| Other Anxiety Disorder | 122 (25.5%) | 122 (24.4%) | 79 (15.8%) | χ2 (2) = 16.4 | < 0.001 |
| Schizophrenia | 13 (2.7%) | 24 (4.8%) | 18 (3.6%) | χ2 (2) = 3.0 | 0.23 |
| Any Sleep Disorder | 103 (21.5%) | 102 (20.4%) | 64 (12.8%) | χ2 (2) = 15.2 | 0.001 |
| Any Alcohol or | 175 (36.6%) | 165 (33.0%) | 114 (22.8%) | χ2 (2) = 23.8 | < 0.001 |
| Substance Use Disorder | |||||
| Nicotine Disorder | 172 (36.0%) | 157 (31.4%) | 99 (19.8%) | χ2 (2) = 33.3 | < 0.001 |
|
| |||||
| Past-Year Charlson Comorbidity Score, Mean (SD) |
1.2 (1.6)a | 1.0 (1.5)a,b | 0.9 (1.4)b |
F (2, 1477) = 5.2 |
0.006 |
Note. Scores with different superscripts differed significantly (p < 0.05) in post-hoc testing.