Fig. 3.
Energy budget terms calculated by the Bern 2.5CC model for an increase in radiative forcing from 0 to 1 W/m2 over 100 y and a subsequent decline in that forcing determined by a 10-y adopted gas lifetime (Upper) or 100-y gas lifetime (Lower). The left panels show instantaneous terms in the energy budget, whereas the right panels present the computed warming and sea level rise due to ocean thermal expansion only. The black lines show radiative forcing, whereas the pale-blue lines show ocean heat uptake. The difference between radiative forcing and ocean heat uptake is also shown as the pale-green lines, and this represents the energy emitted by the Earth–atmosphere system to space in response to the forcing. The modeled atmospheric temperature responses are represented by the red lines in the right panels, which track the instantaneous energy emitted by the Earth–atmosphere system.