Table 4.
Multilevel Growth Models of Teacher-reports of Parent Involvement Predicting Achievement
| Readinga | Matha | Vocaba | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | ||||||
| Intercept (SE) | Slope (SE) | Intercept (SE) | Slope (SE) | Intercept (SE) | Slope (SE) | |
| Level-1 | ||||||
| Parent involvement | - | -0.75* (0.32) | - | -0.39 (0.28) | - | -0.64 (0.30) |
| Income-to needs ratio | - | -0.14 (0.15) | - | 0.07 (0.13) | - | 0.06 (0.11) |
| Children in the household | - | -0.31 (0.81) | - | -0.20 (0.63) | - | 0.73 (0.45) |
| Maternal marital status | - | -0.75 (1.20) | - | -0.49 (1.19) | - | -0.17 (0.83) |
| Hours of maternal employment | - | 0.01 (0.02) | - | -0.02 (0.02) | - | -0.00 (0.02) |
| Teacher experience | - | 0.00 (0.02) | - | -0.01 (0.02) | - | 0.03* (0.01) |
| Classroom quality | - | -0.91*** (0.04) | - | -0.52*** (0.03) | - | -0.13*** (0.02) |
| Level-2 | ||||||
| Intercept | 485.10*** (0.46) | 1.10*** (0.01) | 492.12*** (0.30) | 0.78*** (0.01) | 495.15*** (0.20) | 0.43*** (0.01) |
| Average Parent Involvement a | 1.97 (1.13) | -0.03 (0.03) | 1.03 (0.53) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.45 (0.66) | 0.01 (0.01) |
| Early Childhood Family Variables | ||||||
| Child Male | -0.02 (0.95) | -0.04 (0.03) | -0.30*** (0.52) | 0.05** (0.01) | -1.18* (0.51) | 0.04** (0.01) |
| Child Black | -3.53 (1.91) | -0.02 (0.05) | -1.98* (0.99) | -0.01 (0.03) | -0.85 (0.79) | -0.04* (0.02) |
| Child Hispanic | 2.42 (1.87) | 0.06 (0.06) | -0.15 (1.08) | 0.06 (0.03) | 1.76* (0.80) | 0.00 (0.03) |
| Child other ethnicity | -1.57 (2.21) | 0.05 (0.05) | 1.16 (1.32) | 0.06 (0.04) | 3.19** (1.05) | -0.02 (0.03) |
| Maternal Age | -0.05 (0.12) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.03 (0.06) | -0.00 (0.00) | -0.04 (0.05) | -0.00 (0.00) |
| Maternal Education | 0.19 (0.24) | -0.00 (0.01) | 0.18 (0.18) | -0.00 (0.00) | 0.20 (0.14) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| PPVT scoreb | 0.15** (0.04) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.05* (0.02) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.15*** (0.02) | 0.00* (0.00) |
| Avg. early income-to-needsc | -0.20 (0.24) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.07 (0.15) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.14 (0.15) | 0.00 (0.01) |
| Average HOME scoresd | 0.69 (1.00) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.70 (0.55) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.93 (0.54) | -0.01 (0.01) |
| Early Achievement Score e | 0.40*** (0.02) | -0.01*** (0.00) | 0.34*** (0.02) | -0.00*** (0.00) | 0.38*** (0.02) | -0.00** (0.00) |
| Middle Childhood Family Variables a | ||||||
| Average Marital status | 1.98 (1.18) | -0.04 (0.04) | 0.54 (0.75) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.31 (0.74) | -0.01 (0.02) |
| Avg. Maternal Employment | 0.04 (0.03) | -0.00 (0.00) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.00) | -0.00 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| Average childhood income | 0.19 (0.24) | -0.00 (0.01) | 0.17 (0.16) | -0.00 (0.00) | -0.15 (0.13) | -0.00 (0.00) |
| Average children in home | -0.36 (0.62) | -0.01 (0.02) | -0.13 (0.32) | 0.01 (0.01) | -0.86** (0.26) | -0.01 (0.01) |
| Classroom Variables a | ||||||
| Average teacher experience | 0.01 (0.06) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| Avg. classroom quality | -0.07 (0.17) | -0.02** (0.01) | -0.02 (0.11) | -0.01*** (0.00) | 0.08 (0.09) | -0.01* (0.00) |
Note. N = 1364
a
Data from 1st, 3rd, and 5th
b
Data from 36 months of age
c
Data from 6-54 months of age
d
Data from 15-54 months of age
e
Data from 54 months of age
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.