Table 3.
Clinical history and Presentation
| Variable | N (%) | Missing (%) | n "0" at follow up (%) | Unadjusted odds ratio & CI | Unadjusted p-Value | Baseline Roland Morris adjusted Odds Ratio & CI | Adjusted p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time since first episode# | |||||||
| Six years and over | 247 (52.3) | 29 (11.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Up to 6 years ago | 216 (45.8) | 9 (1.9) | 34 (15.7) | 1.40 (0.82 - 2.39) | 0.354 | 1.59 (0.91 to 2.77) | 0.36 |
| Duration of current episode# | |||||||
| 3 months or less | 239 (50.6) | 41 (17.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Over 3 months | 182 (38.6) | 10 (2.1) | 19 (10.4) | 0.56 (0.56 - 1.01) | 0.083 | 0.56 (0.31 to 1.02) | 0.15 |
| Episodes in past 12 months | |||||||
| Continuous, on/off | 307 (65) | 28 (9.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Episodic | 162 (34.3) | 3 (0.6) | 37 (22.8) | 2.95 (1.73 - 5.03) | < 0.001 | 2.67 (1.53 to 4.64) | 0.00 |
| Length of usual episode | |||||||
| 12 weeks or less | 298 (63.1) | 49 (16.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| More than 12 weeks | 165 (35) | 9 (1.9) | 16 (9.7) | 0.55 (0.30 - 0.99) | 0.071 | 0.64 (0.35 to 1.19) | 0.48 |
| Days of pain in last month# | |||||||
| 28 days or more | 234 (49.6) | 24 (10.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Less than 28 days | 227 (48.1) | 11 (2.3) | 40 (17.6) | 1.87 (1.09 - 3.22) | 0.044 | 1.27 (0.71 to 2.25) | 0.59 |
| Radiating leg pain | |||||||
| Absent | 175 (37.1) | 22 (12.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Above knee | 122 (25.8) | 22 (18.0) | 1.53 (0.81 - 2.91) | 2.16 (1.09 to 4.30) | |||
| Below knee | 158 (33.5) | 17 (3.6) | 18 (11.4) | 0.89 (0.46 - 1.74) | 0.245 | 1.62 (0.79 to 3.35) | 0.09 |
| Neurological deficit | |||||||
| No | 397 (84.1) | 57 (14.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 34 (7.2) | 41 (8.7) | 4 (11.8) | 0.80 (0.27 - 2.34) | 0.678 | 1.57 (0.50 to 4.94) | 0.44 |
| Impaired reflexes | |||||||
| No | 370 (78.4) | 49 (13.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 52 (11) | 50 (10.6) | 6 (11.5) | 0.85 (0.35 - 2.11) | 0.733 | 1.13 (0.44 to 2.87) | 0.80 |
| Previous treatment | |||||||
| No | 172 (36.4) | 29 (16.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 294 (62.3) | 6 (1.3) | 34 (11.6) | 0.65 (0.38 - 1.10) | 0.108 | 0.67 (0.38 to 1.16) | 0.15 |
| Previous back surgery | |||||||
| No | 457 (96.8) | 64 (14.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 7 (1.5) | 8 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 0.01 (0.0 - 2.8E+9) | 0.697 | 0.01 (0.00 - 2.2E+9) | 0.73 |
|
Von Korff Pain Scale Grade: |
|||||||
| 0 pain free | 0 (0) | ||||||
| I low disability/low intensity | 59 (12.5) | 20 (33.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| II low disability/high intensity | 157 (33.3) | 19 (12.1) | 0.27 (0.13 - 0.55) | 0.35 (0.16 to 0.73) | |||
| III high disability-moderately limiting | 128 (27.1) | 21 (16.4) | 0.38 (0.19 - 0.78) | 0.77 (0.35 to 1.71) | |||
| IV high disability/severely limiting | 110 (23.3) | 18 (3.8) | 4 (3.6) | 0.07 (0.02 - 0.23) | < 0.001 | 0.23 (0.07 to 0.79) | 0.15 |
| SF-36 Physical Functioning | |||||||
| ≥ 50 | 247 (52.3) | 51 (20.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| < 50 | 219 (46.4) | 6 (1.3) | 12 (5.5) | 0.22 (0.12 - 0.43) | < 0.001 | 0.53 (0.24 to 1.18) | 0.16 |
| Baseline Roland Morris# | |||||||
| ≥ 11 | 256 (54.2) | 15 (5.9) | 1.00 | ||||
| < 11 | 216 (45.8) | 0 (0) | 50 (23.1) | 4.84 (2.63 - 8.90) | < 0.001 | ||
Odds ratios of recovery (defined as a follow-up Roland Morris score = 0) for all potential predictors in the data set: (i) unadjusted (ii) adjusted for Roland Morris baseline score. Participants presenting with baseline score of 0 excluded from analysis. (N = 472)
Variables denoted with "#" have been dichotomised from a continuous scale in relation to the relevant median.