Table 1. Animal model variance component analysis of forehead patch size in collared flycatcher males.

Variance component	Variance	SE	Ratio to VP		SE	LRT χ2	p	Fixed effect	F		df	p	r	CIL	CIU
Additive genetic	118.184	16.036	0.497	0.067		74.90	<0.001	Intercept	2041.48	1, 12.9		<0.001
Permanent environment	16.446	12.651	0.069	0.053		1.76	0.185	Binary age	20.51	1, 1836.3		<0.001	0.105	0.063	0.147
Nestbox plot	13.848	8.765	0.058	0.037		19.94	<0.001
Year	9.872	4.046	0.042	0.017		35.88	<0.001
Residual	79.508	3.556	0.334	0.015

Likelihood ratio tests (LRT) of random effects refer to removal from the full model. The significance of fixed effects was tested with conditional Wald F tests in ASReml. r, effect size (Pearson r); CIL, lower 95% confidence interval; CIU, upper 95% confidence interval.