Table 1.
Polyphenols and DNA methylation.
| Dietary agent | Plant source | Molecular mechanism | Validated gene target(s) | In vitro model | In vivo model | Concentration | Treatment duration |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apigenin | Parsley, celery | DNMT inhibitor | Esophageal | 20–50 µM | * | (103) | ||
| Baicalein | Indian Trumpet | DNMT inhibitor | Breast | 20–40 µM | 3 days | (132) | ||
| Betanin | Beetroot red | DNMT inhibitor | Breast | 20–40 µM | 3 days | (132) | ||
| Biochanin A | Soy | DNMT inhibitor | Esophageal; Prostate | Daphnids | 20–100 µM | 6 days | (103;115;230) | |
| Caffeic acid | Coffea | DNMT inhibitor | RARβ, CDKN2A | Breast | 1–50 µM | 8 days | (126) | |
| Catechin | Green tea | DNMT inhibitor | RARβ | Breast | 5–50 µM | 3–6 days | (101) | |
| Chlorogenic acid | Coffea | DNMT inhibitor | RARβ, CDKN2A | Breast | 1–50 µM | 8 days | (126) | |
|
Coumaric/Hydroxycinn amic acid |
Cinnamon | DNMT inhibitor | Esophageal | 20–50 µM | * | (103) | ||
| Curcumin | Turmeric | DNMT inhibitor | Esophageal; Leukemia; | 3–50 µM | 3 days | (103;130;131) | ||
| Cyanidin | Berries, grapes | DNMT inhibitor | Breast | 20–40 µM | 3 days | (132) | ||
| Daidzein | Soy | DNMT inhibitor | Esophageal; Prostate; Mice | 20–100 µM | 6 days | (103;115;121) | ||
| Ellagic Acids | Berries | DNMT inhibitor | Breast | 20–40 µM | 3 days | (132) | ||
| Epicatechin | Green tea | DNMT inhibitor | Esophageal; Breast | 50 µM | * | (100;101) | ||
| Epicatechin gallate | Green tea | DNMT inhibitor | Esophageal | 20–50 µM | * | (100) | ||
| Epigallocatechin | Green tea | DNMT inhibitor | Esophageal | 20–50 µM | * | (100) | ||
|
Epigalocatechin-3- gallate |
Green tea | DNMT inhibitor |
RARβ, MGMT, MLH1, CDKN2A, RECK, TERT, RXRα, CDX2, GSTP1, WIF1 |
Esophageal; Oral; Prostate; Urinary; Lung; Colon; Leukemia; Lymphoma; |
Agouti mouse Mouse models: skin, prostate, colon and uterine cancer Human: gastric and oral cancers, premenopausal women |
10 µg/ml; 20– 100 µM; 0.3– 0.6% |
2–6 days | (78;80;100– 105;108– 111;113;114;114;192;231) |
| Fisetin | Poison ivy | DNMT inhibitor | Esophageal; Breast | 5–20 µM | (101;103) | |||
| Galangin | Galangal root, propolis |
DNMT inhibitor | Breast | 20 µM | 3 days | (132) | ||
| Garcinol | Garcinia | DNMT inhibitor | Esophageal | 20–50 µM | * | (103) | ||
| Genistein | Soy | DNMT inhibitor ↓ DNMTs, MBD1, MBD4 MeCP2 expression |
RARβ, MGMT, CDKN2A, GSTP1, HMGN5, BTG3, TERT |
Esophageal; Prostate | Daphnids | 3.75–100 µM; 50–300 mg/kg/d |
3–6 days | (7;8;103;115– 123;192;230;232) |
| Hesperidin | Citrus | DNMT inhibitor | Esophageal | 20–50 µM | * | (103) | ||
| Isothiocyanates | Broccoli, broccoli sprouts |
Unknown | GSTP1 | Esophageal; Prostate | 2.5 µM | 5 days | (128;129) | |
| Luteolin | Parsley, celery | DNMT inhibitor | Esophageal | 20–50 µM | * | (103) | ||
| Lycopene | Tomatoes | Unknown | GSTP1, RARβ, HIN-1 | Breast | 2 µM | 1–2 weeks | (117) | |
| Myricetin | Berries | DNMT inhibitor | Esophageal; Breast | 5–25 µM | 3 days | (101;103;132) | ||
| Naringenin | Citrus | DNMT inhibitor | Esophageal | 20–50 µM | * | (103) | ||
| Phloretin | Apples | DNMT inhibitor | Breast | 20–40 µM | 3 days | (132) | ||
|
Piceatannol (Resveratrol metabolite) |
Grapes, blueberries | DNMT inhibitor | Breast | 20–40 µM | 3 day | (132) | ||
| Protocatechuric acid | Olives | DNMT inhibitor | Breast | 20–40 µM | 3 days | (132) | ||
| Quercetin | Citrus | DNMT inhibitor | CDKN2A | Esophageal; Breast; Colon | 5–20 µM | 5 days | (101;103;233) | |
| Resveratrol | Grapes, wines, eucalyptus |
DNMT inhibitor | Breast; Lung | 20–40 µM | 1 day | {Paluszczak, 2009 213 /id;Panayiotidi s, 2006 90 /id;Stefanska, 2010 340/id} |
||
|
Rosmarinic acid /Rosmarinic |
Rosemary | DNMT inhibitor | Breast | 20–40 µM | 3 days | (132) | ||
| Sinapic acid | Sinapis (mustard) | DNMT inhibitor | Breast | 20–40 µM | 3 days | (132) | ||
| Sulforaphane | Broccoli | ↓ DNMTs expression | Esophageal; Colon | 50 µM | * | (127;192) | ||
| Syringic Acid | Red grapes | DNMT inhibitor | Breast | 20–40 µM | 3 days | (132) |
*
DNA methyltransferase activity assay using only nuclear extracts.