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. 2010 Sep;5(9):1642–1648. doi: 10.2215/CJN.08791209

Table 2.

Key features of subclinical (asymptomatic) cardiovascular disease in children with CKD

  1. Cardiomyopathy with LVH, often associated with diastolic and/or systolic dysfunction

  2. Arteriopathy with
    1. Morphological and functional anomalies of the conduit (carotid artery, cIMT) and muscular arteries (femoral artery, fIMT).
    2. Functional anomalies: Decrease of post-ischemic vascular reactivity (endothelial dysfunction), increase of local (carotid artery), and systemic (PWV, AI) vascular stiffness.
    3. Calcifications of the coronary arteries and heart valves.
  3. Weak associations with classical risk factors (in patients with moderate CKD)
    1. Hyperlipidemia.
    2. Hypertension.
  4. Robust associations with uremic risk factors (in patients with progressive or end-stage renal disease)
    1. Alterations of the calcium/phosphate metabolism (serum levels of Ca, P, PTH).
    2. Medical interventions.
      1. Cumulative intake of calcium-containing phosphate binders.
      2. Active vitamin D preparations.