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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Nov 5.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Res. 2009 May 8;104(9):1035–1037. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.198028

Figure.

Figure

Schematic diagram illustrating the major signaling pathways affected by insulin resistance in vascular cells. Hyperstimulation of the insulin receptor reduces the activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling axis, thus limiting the phosphorylation and activation of eNOS. Contemporaneously, insulin signaling to MAPK is unimpeded or enhanced.