Table 3.

Potential risk factors of a poor outcome in depression at T1: multilevel univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses.

	Univariate			Multivariate
	β	SE	Variance at GP-level (SE)	β	SE	Variance at GP-level (SE)
Predisposing characteristics
Male gender	-.87	1.46	.00 (.00)	-.61	1.17
Age
1. 18-35	ref			ref
2. 36-50	1.08	1.74		-1.61	1.54
3. 51-65	4.44	1.70	.00 (.00)	2.07	1.64
Education
1. Basic	ref			ref
2. Intermediate	-5.65*	2.53		-1.93	2.07
3. High	-8.16**	2.63	.00 (.00)	-3.23	2.24
Born outside the Netherlands	4.30*	1.97	.00 (.00)	1.57	1.60
Marital status
Never married	-1.70	1.46		.08	1.59
Currently married	ref			ref
Formerly married	-.27	1.83	.00 (.00)	-1.69	1.62
Household composition - alone	.11	1.38	.00 (.00)	-.79	1.44
Loneliness (range 0-10)	.89***	.17	.00 (.00)	.39*	.16
Social support (range 0-22)	-.36**	.14	1.11 (4.83)	-.02	.12
Enabling factors
Income in euro's p.m.
< € 2.400,-	ref			ref
> € 2.400,-	-2.79*	1.38	.00 (.00)	-1.16	1.31
Employment status - unemployed	4.77***	1.34	.00 (.00)	.26	1.18
Need factors
Perceived need for care
1. No need for care - no perceived mental problem	-8.00*	3.97		2.71	3.20
2. No need for care - a perceived mental problem	-1.43	2.47		2.00	2.07
3. Need for care - unmet	3.05	1.62		1.55	1.31
4. Need for care - met	ref		.00 (.00)	ref
Recurrent depressive disorder	-1.52	1.32	.00 (.00)	.79	1.07
Recency
<6 months	ref			ref
6 - 12 months	1.01	2.98		-.68	2.34
>12 months	-1.54	1.46	.00 (.00)	-.72	1.18
Comorbid anxiety and depressive disorder	8.23***	1.29	.00 (.01)	2.95*	1.18
Number of somatic diseases	1.78**	.54	.00 (.00)	.23	.49
Severity of depression T0 (IDS; range 0-84)	.63***	.05	3.16 (3.71)	.53***	.05
						2.59 (3.29)

* p < .05 **p < .01 *** p < .001