Table 1.
Various stresses that have been linked to chromosome pulverization/shattering
| Factors of pulverization/shattering | Species | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| Shattering due to UV light and caffeine exposure | Chinese Hamster | [44] |
| Maintenance of diploid karyotype in PA-1 cells by removal of tetra ploid cells | Human | [62] |
| UV exposure | Tradescantia paludosa | [66] |
| Cells with herpes-like virus given doses of colcemid | Human | [67] |
| Exposed to various doses of tritiated thymidine | Chinese Hamster | [68] |
| Exposure of male mice to methyl methanesulfonate previous to fertilization of female mice. Shattering seen in filial cells | Mouse | [69] |
| Infection of lymphocytes with JM-V herpes-virus | Chicken | [70] |
| Treatment with fungicide N-trichloromethylthio-phthalimide | Human | [71] |
| Pulverization due to UV light and caffeine | Chinese Hamster | [72] |
| Exposure to alpha-amanitin | Rat | [73] |
| Doxorubicin treatment. Pulverization inhibited in drug resistant cells. | Human | [74] |
| Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection | Human | [75] |
| Hepatitis B infection. Pulverization occurs in both a hepatocellular cell line derived from a tumor and in peripheral lymphocytes from the patient. | Human | [76] |
| Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Endoreduplication was noted. Also HSV infection increased the mitotic index. | Human | [77] |
| Friend leukemia cells exposed to high levels of adriamycin. | Mouse | [78] |
| Following incubation of cells with heat labile DNA polymerase A in S phase at 39°C which were then cultured in a permissive temperature. | Mouse | [79] |
| Photo-irradiation of G2 or early prophase cells. | CHO | [80] |
| Hepatitis B integration and genomic instability | Human | [81] |
| N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), sodium selenite and caffiene treatment of CHO cells | Chinese Hamster | [82] |
| Culture of a fibroblast line generated from a patient with xeroderma | Human | [83] |
| Associated with ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 activity | Mouse | [84] |
| Vaccination against hog cholera virus | Pig | [85] |
| Radiaton exposure in bone marrow. Treatment with WR-2721 and/or Ocimum sanctum extract reduced the amount of pulverization. | Mouse | [86] |
| 2-methoxyestradiol, an endogenous metabolite of estrogen | Human | [87] |
| Following vaccination of pigs for swine fever | Pig | [88] |
| Streptozotocin treatment | Human | [89] |
| Viral infection in pigs | Pig | [90] |
| Vitamin C treatment of lymphocytes | Human | [91] |