Table 3.
Substance use and substance related problems based on lifetime nonmedical prescription drug misuse subtypes
| Binge drinking in the past two weeks | CAGE (+ screen) in the past yeara | Marijuana and other illicit drug use in the past yearb | DAST-10 (+ screen) in the past yearc | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | AORd (95% CI) | % | AORd (95% CI) | % | AORd (95% CI) | % | AORd (95% CI) | |
| All four medication classes | ||||||||
| Self-treatment only | 51.3 | Referent | 20.4 | Referent | 37.5 | Referent | 9.6 | Referent |
| Recreational only | 78.4 | 3.0 (1.7 – 5.4)*** | 37.5 | 2.2 (1.3 – 3.7)** | 81.8 | 6.8 (3.7 – 12.4)*** | 40.9 | 5.4 (3.0 – 9.9)*** |
| Mixed | 82.4 | 4.3 (2.9 – 6.3)*** | 38.8 | 2.3 (1.6 – 3.4)*** | 80.8 | 6.8 (4.6 – 9.8)*** | 44.9 | 7.4 (4.6 – 11.8)*** |
| Nonuse | 48.9 | 1.0 (0.7 – 1.2) | 17.6 | 0.9 (0.6 – 1.2) | 28.4 | 0.7 (0.5 – 0.9)** | 4.3 | 0.4 (0.3 – 0.6)*** |
| Pain medication | ||||||||
| Self-treatment only | 49.3 | Referent | 18.0 | Referent | 35.0 | Referent | 8.7 | Referent |
| Recreational only | 84.6 | 4.6 (2.6 – 8.3)*** | 45.3 | 3.4 (2.0 – 5.8)*** | 86.3 | 10.5 (5.7 – 19.3)*** | 54.7 | 11.6 (6.2 – 21.8)*** |
| Mixed | 82.5 | 4.6 (2.8 – 7.7)*** | 36.1 | 2.4 (1.5 – 4.0)*** | 80.1 | 7.3 (4.5 – 11.9)*** | 47.0 | 9.1 (5.0 – 16.4)*** |
| Nonuse | 50.5 | 1.1 (0.8 – 1.4) | 18.6 | 1.1 (0.7 – 1.5) | 31.0 | 0.8 (0.6 – 1.1) | 5.8 | 0.6 (0.4 – 1.1) |
| Stimulant medication | ||||||||
| Self-treatment only | 87.0 | Referent | 39.0 | Referent | 73.1 | Referent | 28.2 | Referent |
| Recreational only | 77.2 | 0.5 (0.2 – 1.3) | 38.6 | 1.0 (0.5 – 2.1) | 89.5 | 3.2 (1.2 – 8.5)* | 47.4 | 2.0 (1.0 – 4.3) |
| Mixed | 89.9 | 1.3 (0.5 – 3.1) | 42.1 | 1.1 (0.6 – 1.9) | 90.6 | 3.9 (1.8 – 8.3)*** | 57.5 | 4.0 (2.2 – 7.3)*** |
| Nonuse | 50.0 | 0.2 (0.1 – 0.3)*** | 18.4 | 0.4 (0.2 – 0.6)*** | 31.0 | 0.2 (0.1 – 0.3)*** | 6.1 | 0.2 (0.1 – 0.3)*** |
| Sleeping medication | ||||||||
| Self-treatment only | 67.0 | Referent | 38.5 | Referent | 55.1 | Referent | 26.4 | Referent |
| Recreational only | 76.5 | 1.3 (0.4 – 4.4) | 35.3 | 0.8 (0.3 – 2.3) | 88.2 | 5.4 (1.2 – 25.4)* | 70.6 | 6.3 (2.0 – 20.1)** |
| Mixed | 83.0 | 2.0 (0.8 – 5.0) | 40.4 | 1.0 (0.5 – 2.0) | 76.6 | 2.4 (1.1 – 5.4)* | 51.1 | 2.7 (1.3 – 5.9)** |
| Nonuse | 52.2 | 0.5 (0.3 – 0.9)** | 19.4 | 0.4 (0.3 – 0.6)*** | 34.2 | 0.4 (0.3 – 0.6)*** | 8.2 | 0.2 (0.1 0.4)*** |
| Sedative/anxiety medication | ||||||||
| Self-treatment only | 60.9 | Referent | 47.8 | Referent | 47.8 | Referent | 26.1 | Referent |
| Recreational only | 95.7 | 12.2 (2.8 – 53.4)** | 36.2 | 0.5 (0.2 – 1.4) | 94.2 | 15.7 (4.2 – 58.9)*** | 66.7 | 4.3 (1.4 – 12.7)** |
| Mixed | 77.6 | 2.3 (0.7 – 6.9) | 44.8 | 0.8 (0.3 – 2.3) | 78.9 | 4.1 (1.4 – 12.0)* | 46.6 | 2.1 (0.7 – 6.3) |
| Nonuse | 51.7 | 1.1 (0.9 – 1.3) | 19.1 | 0.3 (0.1 – 0.6)** | 33.5 | 0.5 (0.2 – 1.3) | 7.7 | 0.2 (0.1 – 0.5)** |
a
A cutpoint score of two or more was used for the CAGE.
b
Marijuana and other illicit drug use consisted of any use of the following: marijuana, cocaine, LSD, other psychedelics, ecstasy, inhalants, heroin or crystal methamphetamines.
c
A cutpoint score of three or more was used for the DAST-10.
d
Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) are adjusted for gender, race/ethnicity, class year and living arrangement (odds ratios for these variables are not shown).
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001.