TABLE 1.

Immunosuppressive Drug Regimens and Adjuncts Initially Developed for Kidney Transplantation and Applied Later for Extrarenal Organs

Agents	Year Described or Reported	Place	Deficiencies	Used for Livers
Azathioprine	19628	Boston	Ineffective, dangerous	No
Azathioprine-steroids	19639	Denver	Suboptimal	Yes
Thoracic duct drainage as adjunct	196321*	Stockholm	Nuisance: requires 20 to 30 days     pretreatment	Yes
ALG as adjunct	19666	Denver	Suboptimal	Yes
Cyclophosphamide substitute for     azathioprine	197020	Denver	No advantage except for patients     with azathioprine toxicity	Yes
Total lymphoid irradiation	197923 198424	Palo Alto,     Minneapolis	Dangerous; extensive preparation;     not quickly reversible	Yes
Cyclosporine alone	1978–197927	Cambridge	Suboptimal	Yes
Cyclosporine-steroids	198029	Denver	Under evaluation	Yes
Monoclonal ALG as adjunct	198117	Boston	Under evaluation	Yes

^*It was not realized until much later that pretreatment for 3 to 4 weeks before transplantation was a necessary condition.²²