Figure 1.

Experiment 1. A, At study, participants named the objects in an array (from one to five) and tried to memorize their exact locations. Participants then immediately moved to an adjacent table where they attempted to place the objects in their original arrangement (retention interval, ∼1 s). B, A typical test trial in which a participant has attempted to place each object in its original location. The green crosses illustrate each object's original location, and the line links each cross to the location in which the object was placed at test. In this example, the displacement error involves placing one or more of the objects in an incorrect location that no object had occupied originally. C, A test trial illustrating another kind of displacement error where each object is placed near a location that had been occupied originally, but the locations of two objects are interchanged.