Table 1.
List of Included Samples with Sample Characteristics
| Study | Outcome (Source) | Primary Age Range/Ethnicity/SES | EK Measure | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenio, Cooperman, & Lover (2000) | SC (Combo) | 3-5/Mixed/Mixed | Denham | |
| Ext (Combo) | ||||
| Blair, Budhani, Colledge, & Scott (2005) | Ext (Teacher) | 9-15/Majority/NR | Other | |
| Blair, Granger, & Razza (2005) | SC (Teacher) | 3-5/NR/Low | Other | |
| Ext (Teacher) | ||||
| Boyatzis & Satyaprasad (1994) | SC (Teacher) | 3-5/Majority/Middle | Other | |
| Cadesky, Mota, & Schachar (2000) | Ext (DSM) | 6-11/NR/Mixed | Nowicki | |
| Camras, Grow, & Ribordy (1983) | SC (Teacher) | 3-5/NR/Low | Ekman | |
| Carlo, Knight, Eisenberg, & Rotenberg (1991) | SC (Observer) | 6-11/NR/Middle | Other | |
| Cassidy, Parke, Butkovsky, & Braungart (1992) | SC (Peer) | 6-11/ Majority/Middle | Other | |
| Cassidy, Werner, Rourke, Zubernis, & Balaraman (2003) | SC (Combo) | 3-5/ Majority/Mixed | Denham | |
| Cole, Usher, & Cargo (1993) | Ext (Combo) | 3-5/ Majority/Middle | Nowicki | |
| Collins & Nowicki (2001) | SC (Combo) | 6-11/Minority/Mixed | Nowicki | |
| Cooley & Triemer (2002) | Clinical Group | SC (Teacher) | 6-11/Minority/NR | Nowicki |
| Ext (Teacher) | ||||
| Cooley & Triemer (2002) | Normative Group | SC (Teacher) | 6-11/Minority/NR | Nowicki |
| Ext (Teacher) | ||||
| Cortes (2002) | SC (Combo) | 3-5/Minority/Low | Other | |
| Ext (Combo) | ||||
| Custrini & Feldman (1989) | SC (Parent) | 6-11/NR/NR | Other | |
| Denham (1986) | SC (Observer) | 3-5/NR/Mixed | Denham | |
| Denham et al. (2003) a | SC (Combo) | 3-5/ Majority/Middle | Denham | |
| Int (Teacher) | ||||
| Ext (Combo) | ||||
| Denham & Couchoud (1991) | SC (Observer) | 3-5/NR/Mixed | Denham | |
| Denham, McKinley, Couchoud, & Holt (1990) | SC (Peer) | 3-5/NR/NR | Denham | |
| Denham, Renwick-DeBardi, & Hewes (1994) | SC (Observer) | 3-5/ Majority/Middle | Denham | |
| Dodge, Laird, Lochman, Zelli, & CPPRG (2002) | Ext (Combo) | 6-11/Mixed/Mixed | Other | |
| Dunn & Cutting (1999) | SC (Observer) | 3-5/ Majority/Mixed | Denham | |
| Dunsmore & Karn (2004) | SC (Combo) | 3-5/ Majority/Middle | Denham | |
| Dunsmore, Noguchi, Casey, Cook, & Bhullar (2007) | SC (Combo) | 3-5/ Majority/Middle | Denham | |
| Ebanks (2002) | SC (Teacher) | 3-5/ Majority/Mixed | Other | |
| Ext (Teacher) | ||||
| Edwards, Manstead, & MacDonald (1984) | SC (Peer) | 6-11/NR/Mixed | Combo | |
| Egan, Brown, Goonan, Goonan, & Celano (1998) | Int (Parent) | 6-11/Minority/Low | Other | |
| Ext (Parent) | ||||
| Garner & Estep (2001) | SC (Observer) | 3-5/ Majority/Middle | Other | |
| Ext (Observer) | ||||
| Garner, Jones, & Palmer (1994) | SC (Observer) | 3-5/ Majority/Middle | Other | |
| Garner & Lemerise (2007) | SC (Teacher) | 3-5/Minority/Mixed | Other | |
| Int (Teacher) | ||||
| Ext (Teacher) | ||||
| Glanville & Nowicki (2002) | SC (Peer) | 6-11/Mixed/Middle | Nowicki | |
| Goldman, Corsini, & DeUrioste (1980) | SC (Peer) | 3-5/NR/Middle | Ekman | |
| Gottman, Gonso, & Rasmussen (1975) | SC (Peer) | 6-11/NR/Mixed | Izard | |
| Gouley, Brotman, et al. (2007) | SC (Combo) | 3-5/Minority/Low | Combo | |
| Int (Combo) | ||||
| Ext (Combo) | ||||
| Greener (1998) | SC (Peer) | 6-11/ Majority/Mixed | Nowicki | |
| Izard (1971) | Typical Preschool | SC (Teacher) | 3-5/NR/NR | Izard |
| Izard (1971) | Head Start | SC (Teacher) | 3-5/NR/Low | Izard |
| Izard (1971) | School-Age | SC (Teacher) | 6-11/NR/Mixed | Izard |
| Izard et al. (2001) b | SC (Teacher) | 3-5/Minority/Low | Combo | |
| Int (Combo) | ||||
| Ext (Teacher) | ||||
| Klemchuck (1985) | Int (Parent) | 3-5/NR/Mixed | Combo | |
| Ext (Parent) | ||||
| Krantz (1982) | SC (Combo) | 3-5/NR/Middle | Borke | |
| Lenti, Giacobbe, & Pegna (2000) | Int (DSM) | 12-18/NR/NR | Ekman | |
| Leppanen & Hietanen (2001) | SC (Combo) | 6-11/ Majority/Mixed | Combo | |
| Lewis (1995) | SC (Teacher) | 3-5/Minority/Mixed | Denham | |
| Lindsey & Mize (2000) c | SC (Combo) | 3-5/ Majority/Middle | Denham | |
| Lupinetti (2000) | SC (Combo) | 3-5/NR/Mixed | Denham | |
| MacQuiddy, Maise, & Hamilton (1987) | Ext (Parent) | 6-11/NR/Mixed | Other | |
| Manassis & Young (2000) | Int (DSM) | 6-11/NR/Middle | Nowicki | |
| Manstead & Edwards (1992) | SC (Peer) | 6-11/NR/NR | Combo | |
| Martin, Armstrong, Boekamp, & Wheeler (2005) | Int (Parent) | 3-5/ Majority/NR | Combo | |
| Ext (Parent) | ||||
| McClure & Nowicki (2001) | Int (Self) | 6-11/ Majority/NR | Nowicki | |
| McClure, Pope, Hoberman, Pine, & Liebenluft (2003) d | Int (DSM) | 9-15/NR/NR | Nowicki | |
| McCown, Johnson, & Austin (1986) | Ext (Placement) | 12-18/Mixed/NR | Ekman | |
| McElwain & Volling (2002) | SC (Observer) | 3-5/ Majority/Middle | Denham | |
| Miller et al. (2005) | SC (Peer) | 6-11/Minority/Low | Other | |
| Miller et al. (2006) e | SC (Combo) | 3-5/Mixed/Low | Combo | |
| Int (Teacher) | ||||
| Ext (Teacher) | ||||
| Miller, Seifer, Stroud, Sheinkopf, & Dickstein (2007) | Int (Combo) | 3-5/ Majority/Low | Combo | |
| Ext (Combo) | ||||
| Mitchell (1995) | SC (Peer) | 3-5/NR/NR | Nowicki | |
| Mostow, Izard, Fine, & Trentacosta (2002) | SC (Combo) | 6-11/ Majority/Mixed | Izard | |
| Nowicki & Duke (1992) | SC (Peer) | 6-11/ Majority/Mixed | Nowicki | |
| Pears (1999) | SC (Combo) | 3-5/ Majority/Mixed | Denham | |
| Peery (1979) | SC (Combo) | 3-5/ Majority/Middle | Borke | |
| Philippot & Feldman (1990) | SC (Parent) | 3-5/NR/NR | Other | |
| Rodemaker (1999) | SC (Teacher) | 9-15/ Majority/NR | Nowicki | |
| Int (Teacher) | ||||
| Ext (Teacher) | ||||
| Rothman & Nowicki (2004) | SC (Teacher) | 6-11/NR/NR | Nowicki | |
| Rubin & Maioni (1975) | SC (Combo) | 3-5/ Majority/Mixed | Borke | |
| Schmitt (1999) | SC (Combo) | 3-5/Mixed/Mixed | Denham | |
| Ext (Observer) | ||||
| Schultz, Izard, & Bear (2004) f | SC (Peer) | 6-11/ Majority/Middle | Izard | |
| Ext (Teacher) | ||||
| Simon (1999) | SC (Teacher) | 3-5/ Majority/Low | Denham | |
| Ext (Teacher) | ||||
| Simonian, Beidel, Turner, Berkes, & Long (2001) | Int (DSM) | 9-15/NR/NR | Ekman | |
| Slomkowski & Dunn (1996) g | SC (Observer) | 3-5/NR/Mixed | Denham | |
| Smith (2001) | SC (Combo) | 3-5/Minority/Mixed | Other | |
| Int (Teacher) | ||||
| Ext (Peer) | ||||
| Smith & Walden (2001) | Ext (Teacher) | 3-5/Minority/Mixed | Other | |
| Speltz, DeKlyen, Calderon, Greenberg, & Fisher (1999) | Ext (DSM) | 3-5/ Majority/Mixed | Other | |
| Spence (1987) | SC (Peer) | 3-5/ Majority/Middle | Combo | |
| Stevens, Charman, & Blair (2001) | Ext (Teacher) | 9-15/NR/NR | Nowicki | |
| Trentacosta & Izard (2007) | SC (Peer) | 6-11/Minority/Low | Izard | |
| Vosk, Forehand, & Figueroa (1983) | SC (Peer) | 6-11/NR/NR | Other | |
| Walden & Field (1990) | SC (Peer) | 3-5/NR/Middle | Other | |
| Walker (1981) | Int (DSM) | 9-15/NR/NR | Izard | |
| Ext (DSM) | ||||
| Zabel (1979) | Ext (Placement) | 9-15/NR/NR | Ekman | |
| Zuckerman & Przewuzman (1979) | Study 1 | SC (Teacher) | 3-5/NR/Middle | Other |
| Zuckerman & Przewuzman (1979) | Study 2 | SC (Teacher) | 3-5/NR/Middle | Combo |
| Int (Teacher) | ||||
| Ext (Teacher) | ||||
Note. SES = Socioeconomic Status; SC = Social Competence; Int = Internalizing Problems; Ext = Externalizing Problems; NR = Not Reported; Denham = Denham (1986) Puppet Interview; Ekman = Ekman & Friesen (1975) facial stimuli; Izard = measures based on Izard and colleagues’ stimuli; Nowicki = DANVA or DANVA-2 measures; Borke = Borke’s (1971) vignettes.
a
Also includes the following reports using an overlapping sample: Denham, Caverly et al. (2002); Denham, Blair, Schmidt, & DeMulder (2002); and Sawyer et al. (2002).
b
Also includes the following reports using an overlapping sample: Fine, Izard, Mostow, Trentacosta, & Ackerman (2003); Schultz, Izard, Ackerman, & Youngstrom (2001).
c
Also includes the following reports using the same sample: Lindsey & Colwell (2003).
d
Also includes the following reports using an overlapping sample: Easter et al. (2005).
e
Also includes the following reports using an overlapping sample: Miller, Gouley, Dickstein, & Seifer (2007).
f
Also includes the following reports using an overlapping sample: Schultz, Buckingham, Izard, & Bear (2007).
g
Also includes the following reports using an overlapping sample: Maguire & Dunn (1997).