Table 4.

Meta-Analysis of Associations Between Emotion Knowledge and Externalizing Problems

	k	N	r	95% CI	Q
Total	34	2851	−.17**	−.23 to −.11	81.94**
Sample					4.54*
Community	22	2162	−.13**	−.20 to −.06
Clinical	12	689	−.26**	−.36 to −.16
Age					6.35*
3-5	21	1836	−.15**	−.22 to −.08
6-11	7	702	−.11	−.23 to .03
9-15	6	313	−.34**	−.46 to −.19
Ethnicity					2.52
Primarily majority	12	1043	−.14**	−.24 to −.05
Primarily minority	9	604	−.07	−.19 to .05
Heterogeneous	5	650	−.22**	−.35 to −.08
SES					5.83
Low	8	862	−.06	−.16 to .05
Mixed	12	1075	−.22**	−.30 to −.13
Middle	5	520	−.12	−.24 to .01
Emotion Knowledge Measure					5.88
Denham	5	413	−.15*	−.29 to −.01
Nowicki & Duke	6	272	−.24**	−.38 to −.08
Izard	2	212	−.18	−.39 to .05
Ekman & Friesen	2	171	−.37**	−.55 to −.16
Borke	1	78	−.18	−.47 to .14
Other	12	1202	−.15**	−.24 to −.06
Combination	6	503	−.09	−.22 to .05
Externalizing Problems Source					16.44*
Teacher	14	1211	−.14**	−.21 to −.06
Peer	1	36	−.22	−.54 to .16
Parent	4	198	−.05	−.22 to .12
Observer	2	129	−.33**	−.51 to −.13
DSM	3	261	−.33**	−.47 to −.18
Placement	2	171	−.37**	−.53 to −.20
Combination	8	845	−.10*	−.19 to −.00
Length					2.02
Concurrent	30	2246	−.19**	−.25 to −.13
Longitudinal	4	605	−.07	−.22 to .09

Note. CI = Confidence Interval; SES = Socioeconomic Status; Denham = Denham (1986) Puppet Interview; Ekman & Friesen = Ekman & Friesen (1975) facial stimuli; Izard = measures based on Izard and colleagues’ stimuli; Nowicki & Duke = DANVA or DANVA-2 measures; Borke = Borke’s (1971) vignettes.