Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to diabetes status defined according to either glucose or HbA1c criteria in individuals without a prior history of diabetes.
| FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L and/or 2hPG ≥11.1 mmol/L | HbA1c ≥6.5% | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Men | Women | |||||
| No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
| Number (%) | 1014 (86.9) | 153 (13.1) | 1423 (88.6) | 184 (11.4) | 1044 (89.5) | 123 (10.5) | 1446 (90.0) | 161 (10.0) |
| Age (years) | 48.4 | 52.8 | 48.3 | 55.3 | 49.2 | 48.4 | 49.0 | 49.4 |
| (47.5, 49.3) | (52.0, 53.6)* | (48.0, 48.6) | (54.6, 56.0)* | (48.9, 49.5) | (47.5, 49.3) | (48.7, 49.3) | (48.5, 50.3) | |
| School years>9 (%) | 45.3 | 43.4 | 36.5 | 25.3* | 46.4 | 30.9* | 36.8 | 17.2* |
| Current smoking (yes, %) | 47.1 | 47.7 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 46.4 | 52.0 | 1.5 | 0.7 |
| Alcohol-drinking (yes, %) | 48.8 | 49.0 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 48.5 | 51.2 | 1.6 | 0.7 |
| Family history of diabetes (yes, %) | 12.3 | 24.2* | 16.4 | 22.8* | 13.9 | 13.0 | 13.7 | 11.9 |
| Occupational activity (%) | ||||||||
| Light | 15.1 | 14.0 | 14.7 | 15.9 | 15.4 | 12.2 | 13.2 | 12.0 |
| Moderate | 46.4 | 52.7 | 61.8 | 64.0 | 48.0 | 41.5 | 45.4 | 47.0 |
| Heavy | 38.5 | 33.3 | 23.5 | 20.1 | 36.6 | 46.3 | 41.4 | 51.0 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.6 | 26.1 | 25.6 | 27.0 | 25.7 | 25.9 | 25.8 | 26.1 |
| (25.4, 25.8) | (25.5, 26.7)* | (25.5, 25.8) | (26.5, 27.5)* | (25.5, 25.9) | (25.3, 26.5) | (25.6, 26.0) | (25.6, 26.7) | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.1 (86.5, 87.7) | 89.6 (88.0, 91.1)* | 81.5 (81.0, 81.9) | 86.4 (84.9, 87.8)* | 87.4 (96.8, 87.9) | 87.7 (85.8, 89.5) | 81.8 (81.4, 82.3) | 85.2 (83.5, 86.8)* |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132 | 140 | 129 | 138 | 133 | 134 | 131 | 131 |
| (131, 133) | (137, 143)* | (128,130) | (135, 141)* | (132,134) | (132,136) | (131, 132) | (128, 134) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 87 (86, 88) | 90 (88, 92)* | 83 (82,84) | 87 (86, 88)* | 87 (86, 88) | 89 (86, 91) | 84 (83, 85) | 84 (82, 86) |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.33 (5.29, 5.38) | 8.00 (7.55, 8.46)* | 5.37 (5.34, 5.42) | 7.66 (7.25, 8.08)* | 5.59 (5.53, 5.65) | 6.44 (6.11, 6.77)* | 5.58 (5.53, 5.63) | 6.13 (5.90, 6.36)* |
| 2 hours post-load plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 6.23 (6.14, 6.33) | 13.2 (12.4, 14.1)* | 6.63 (6.55, 6.71) | 13.20 (12.44,13.96)* | 6.77 (6.62, 6.91) | 9.76 (8.69, 10.83)* | 7.12 (6.99, 7.24) | 9.78 (8.81, 10.75)* |
| Fasting insulin (ρ mol/L)|| | 30.72 | 37.15 | 39.98 | 49.66 | 28.11 | 32,47 | 37.41 | 42.07 |
| (29.67, 31.77) | (35.45, 38.85)* | (38.85, 41.11) | (48.36, 50.96)* | (25.68, 30.54) | (31,16, 33.78)* | (36.14, 38.68) | (40.18, 43.06)* | |
| Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.96 | 3.20 | 2.98 | 3.37 | 2.97 | 3.12 | 3.04 | 2.94 |
| (2.90, 3.01) | (3.03, 3.36)* | (2.93, 3.03) | (3.22, 3.52)* | (2.91, 3.03) | (2.94, 3.30) | (2.99, 3.08) | (2.78, 3.11) | |
| High density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.62 | 1.61 | 1.67 | 1.59 | 1.61 | 1.72 | 1.66 | 1.71 |
| (1.60, 1.65) | (1.54, 1.69) | (1.65,1.69) | (1.52, 1.66)* | (1.58,1.64) | (1.65, 1.80)* | (1.64,1.68) | (1.64,1.76) | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.37 | 1.49 | 1.15 | 1.48 | 1.45 | 1.42 | 1.22 | 1.24 |
| (1.33, 1.42) | (1.34,1.64)* | (1.11, 1.18) | (1.32,1.60)* | (1.40,1.51) | (1.19, 1.65) | (1.17,1.26) | (1.03, 1.45) | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.22 | 5.63 | 5.17 | 5.73 | 5.24 | 5.43 | 5.25 | 5.15 |
| (5.16, 5.28) | (5.46, 5.81)* | (5.12, 5.22) | (5.57, 5.89)* | (5.18, 5.31) | (5.23, 5.63)* | (5.19, 5.29) | (4.97, 5.34) | |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dl)§ | 0.87 | 1.26 | 0.72 | 1.26 | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.76 | 0.90 |
| (0.76, 0.98) | (1.08, 1.44)* | (0.66, 0.78) | (1.06,1.46)* | (0.78,1.04) | (0.60, 11.14) | (0.70, 0.82) | (0.88, 0.92)* | |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 13.1 | 16.9 | 11.0 | 13.1 | 13.7 | 13.5 | 11.2 | 11.7 |
| (12.4, 13.9) | (14.8, 18.9)* | (10.4, 11.6) | (11.2, 14.9)* | (12.9,14.4) | (11.2, 15.8) | (10.5, 11.7) | (9.6, 13.7) | |
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase (U/L)§ | 28.6 | 41.4 | 15.5 | 23.6 | 29.9 | 30.1 | 16.2 | 17.4 |
| (26.5, 30.7) | (37.2, 45.6)* | (15.2, 15.8) | (22.0, 25.2)* | (27.8, 32.0) | (27.3, 32.9) | (15.8, 16.6) | (16.0, 18.8) | |
Data are age-adjusted mean (95% confidence interval) or percentages as indicated. *P < .05, diabetes versus nondiabetes by the same criteria within the same gender. §Geometric mean (95% CI). ||With missing data n = 2125.