Fig. 4.

The left panel is a schematic illustration of how the dual-route model of visual word processing may process the highly familiar word “Vater” (father; log frequency: 3.2) and the less familiar word “Spinat” (spinach; log frequency: 1.3). For the former, the model relies on the lexical route and gain access to word phonology via an instantiated orthographic whole-word recognition unit. For the latter, word phonology is assembled via serial grapheme–phoneme conversion. The right panel illustrates how the processes of the word identification system of E-Z Reader (Reichle et al., 2003; Pollatsek et al., 2006) may correspond to the lexical route of the dual-route model. See text for details.