Table 2.

Hierarchical Regression Models Predicting Grandchild Social Competence

Variable	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β
Grandchild sex	.01	.05	.02	.01	.04	.04	.02	.05	.04
Grandchild age	−.01	.00	−.08	−.01	.00	−.08	−.01	−.00	−.11
Age 2 social competence	.62	.09	.54***	.63	.09	.55***	.61	.09	.53***
Income-to-needs ratio	.03	.02	.15*	.03	.02	.14†	.03	.02	.14†
Mother harsh parenting	−.04	.04	−.10	−.05	.04	−.10	−.06	.03	−.15*
Grandchild negative reactivity	−.06	.03	−.17*	−.06	.03	−.17*	−.05	.03	−.15†
Grandmother involvement				−.01	.03	−.04	−.06	.04	−.19
Income-to-needs ratio X							.01	.02	.07
grandmother involvement
Mother harsh parenting X							.04	.03	.18
grandmother involvement
Grandchild negative reactivity							.09	.04	.18*
X grandmother involvement
Adjusted R2	.34			.34			.37
F for change in R2	11.38***			.30			2.58†

Note:

^†p < .10,

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01,

^***p < .001.

^a0 = male, 1= female.