Table 3.

Hierarchical Regression Models Predicting Grandchild Externalizing Behaviors

Variable	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β
Grandchild sex	−.29	.96	−.03	−.32	.97	−.03	−.23	.98	−.02
Grandchild age	−.02	.08	−.02	−.02	.08	−.02	−.01	.08	−.01
Age 2 externalizing behaviors	14.01	2.25	.49***	14.02	2.26	.49***	13.50	2.25	.48***
Income-to-needs ratio	−.61	.32	−.15*	−.63	.33	−.16*	−.57	.33	−.14†
Mother harsh parenting	1.91	.73	.21**	1.90	.73	.21*	1.97	.72	.21**
Grandchild negative reactivity	−.16	.57	−.02	−.16	.57	−.02	.03	.58	.01
Grandmother involvement				−.27	.58	−.04	−.39	.57	−.05
Income-to-needs-ratio X							.25	.34	.06
Grandmother involvement
Mother harsh parenting X							−2.47	1.08	−.18*
grandmother involvement
Grandchild negative reactivity							−.45	.88	−.04
X grandmother involvement
Adjusted R2	.29			.29			.31
F for change in R2	9.03***			.23			2.31†

Note:

^†p < .10,

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01,

^***p < .001.

^a= male, 1= female.