Table 1. Environmental classification of water- and excreta-related infections.

Category	Examples	Control Strategies
A. Feco-oral (Potentially water-borne or water-washed)	ViralHepatitis A, E, and FPoliomyelitisViral diarrhoeasBacterialCampylobacteriosisCholeraPathogenic E. coliSalmonellosisTyphoid, paratyphoidProtozoalAmoebiasisCryptosporidiosisGiardiasis	Improve water quality (to prevent water-borne transmission), improve water availability, hygiene promotion (to prevent water-washed transmission)
B. Purely water-washed	Skin and eye infectionsScabiesConjunctivitisTrachomaLouse-borne infectionsRelapsing fever	Improve water availability, hygiene promotion
C. Soil helminths	AscariasisTrichuriasisHookworm infection	Sanitation, hygiene promotion, treatment of excreta before re-use
D. Tapeworms	Taenia solium infectionTaenia saginata infection	As C above, plus meat inspection and cooking
E. Water-based diseases	BacterialCholeraLegionellosisLeptospirosisHelminthicSchistosomiasisClonorchiasisDracunculiasis	Reduce contact with/consumption of infected water, sanitation, treatment of excreta before re-use
F. Insect vector diseases	Water-relatedDengueYellow feverMalariaWest African trypanosomiasisExcreta-relatedBancroftian filariasisTrachomaFly- and cockroach-borne excreted infectionsa	Reduce number of potential breeding sites and need to pass near them, improve surface water drainage, use repellent/insecticide where appropriate
G. Rodent-borne diseases	Rodent-borne excreted infectionsLeptospirosisTularaemia	Rodent control, hygiene promotion, reduce contact with infected water

Source: Adapted from [58].

^aExcreted infections comprise all those in Categories A, C, and D plus helminthic diseases in Category E.