Table 4.
Regression Models Predicting Individual Differences in First-Grade Mathematics Development
| Outcome | B | SE | Beta | t | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Procedural Calculations | |||||
| Constant | −12.13 | 13.53 | −0.90 | .371 | |
| Number Line Estimation | 0.10 | 0.03 | −.22 | − 3.49 | .001 |
| Number Sets Test | 0.90 | 0.23 | .29 | 4.00 | < .001 |
| Language | −0.01 | 0.05 | −.02 | −0.28 | .781 |
| Attentive Behavior | 0.03 | 0.02 | .10 | 1.61 | .109 |
| Central Executive-LR | 0.05 | 0.06 | .06 | 0.86 | .393 |
| Central Executive-CR | 0.10 | 0.05 | .14 | 2.22 | .027 |
| Phonological Loop | −0.02 | 0.01 | −.09 | −1.58 | .115 |
| Visuospatial Sketchpad | 0.00 | 0.01 | .00 | 0.03 | .980 |
| Nonverbal Problem Solving | −0.06 | 0.04 | −.09 | −1.34 | .182 |
| Processing Speed | 0.04 | 0.03 | .08 | 1.27 | .205 |
| Word Problems | |||||
| Constant | 0.73 | 1.26 | 0.58 | .564 | |
| Number Line Estimation | 0.00 | 0.00 | .15 | − 3.27 | .001 |
| Number Sets Test | 0.14 | 0.02 | .36 | 6.68 | < .001 |
| Language | 0.00 | 0.00 | .10 | 2.05 | .042 |
| Attentive Behavior | 0.01 | 0.00 | .21 | 4.52 | < .001 |
| Central Executive-LR | 0.02 | 0.01 | .14 | 2.84 | .005 |
| Central Executive-CR | −0.01 | 0.00 | −.05 | −1.11 | .269 |
| Phonological Loop | 0.00 | 0.00 | −.03 | − 0.75 | .453 |
| Visuospatial Sketchpad | 0.00 | 0.00 | .01 | 0.15 | .880 |
| Nonverbal Problem Solving | 0.01 | 0.00 | .15 | 3.06 | .002 |
| Processing Speed | 0.00 | 0.00 | −.01 | − 0.31 | .757 |
Language is Woodcock Diagnostic Reading Battery-Listening Comprehension. Attentive behavior is SWAN. Central Executive-LR is Working Memory Test Battery–Children (WMTB)-Listening Recall. Central Executive-CR is WMTB-Counting Recall. Phonological Loop is WMTB-Phonological Loop. Visuospatial Sketchpad is WMTB-Visuospatial Sketchpad. Nonverbal problem solving is Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence-Matrix Reasoning. Processing Speed is Woodcock Johnson III Visual Matching. Calculations is latent change score from fall to spring of 1st grade on Double-Digit Addition Test, Double-Digit Subtraction Test, and Addition Strategy Assessment-Complex Problems. Word problems is latent change score from fall to spring of 1st grade on Combine Problems, Compare Problems, and Change Problems from the Word Problems Test.