. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Nov 10.

Published in final edited form as: Phys Med Biol. 2010 Apr 6;55(9):2481–2493. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/9/004

Table 1.

Common materials used in heavy charged particle beams, with their mass densities ρ, values of (Z/A)_eff and mole fractions.

Material	ρ (g cm⁻³)	(Z/A)_eff	Mole fraction (%)
Lung substitute	0.3	0.537	H 55.577, C 32.738, N 0.927, O 7.508, Cl 0.019, Si 0.184, Mg 3.048
HDPE	0.964	0.570	H 66.717, C 33.283
Water	1.0	0.555	H 66.667, O 33.333
Polystyrene	1.06	0.538	H 49.851, C 50.149
PMMA	1.185	0.539	H 53.333, C 33.333, O 13.333,
Lexan	1.20	0.527	H 42.424, C 48.485, O 9.091
PVC	1.385	0.512	H 50.218, C 33.202, Cl 16.580
Bone substitute	1.829	0.516	H 35.215, C 29.592, N 0.803, O 26.695, Cl 0.16, Ca 7.679
Aluminum	2.698	0.482	Al 100
Titanium	4.519	0.459	Ti 100
Stainless steel	7.85	0.466	C 0.045, N 0.045, Si 0.450, Cr 18.150, Mn 1.250, Fe 71.460, Ni 8.550, Mo 0.050
Lead	11.322	0.396	Pb 100
Gold	19.311	0.401	Au 100