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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Nov 11.
Published in final edited form as: Antivir Chem Chemother. 2009 Oct 19;20(2):63–78. doi: 10.3851/IMP1374

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Mechanisms for establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 reservoirs in macrophages

Acute HIV type-1 (HIV-1) infection results in establishment of infection in macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS) and every organ or tissue. Chronic infection results in increased recruitment of activated CD16+/CD69+ monocytes/macrophages to the brain, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis followed by onset of HIV-associated dementia (HAD). These mechanisms increase the productive infection in brain microglia and contribute to maintenance of an HIV-1 viral reservoir in the CNS. Resistant HIV-1 in the brain or CNS along with latently infected macrophages originating from other tissues and organs contributes to maintenance of macrophage viral reservoirs. Together, these factors contribute to the inability to eradicate systemic HIV-1 infection [2,4,7,13,16,24,27,28,31-33,75,77-79,84-90,110].