Polar interactions around ARA7 Lys23. a–d, oxygens (red) or a nitrogen (blue), surrounding the side-chain NH3+ of ARA7 Lys23 in ARA7·GDP·VPS9a, ARA7·GDPNH2·VPS9a, nucleotide-free ARA7·VPS9a, and ARA7·GDP·VPS9a(D185N), respectively, are shown. The side-chain NH3+ of ARA7 Lys23 is surrounded by a β-position oxygen of GDP, side-chain COO− (ARA7 Asp65 and VPS9a Asp185), and main-chain carbonyl oxygens (Gly17, Asp18, and Thr66 of ARA7). Possible hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions are shown with cyan dots and magenta dots, respectively. Distances exceeding 3.5 Å are shown as black dots. In ARA7·GDP·VPS9a(D185N), a water molecule is located between the side-chain NH3+ of ARA7 Lys23 and the β-position oxygen of GDP. A possible hydrogen bond between the side-chain COO− of VPS9a Asp185 and the β-position oxygen of GDP is highlighted by green dots.