Table 2. List of selected metabolites that associate with diabetes at q-values <0.05 using log-scaled metabolite concentrations and assuming a linear model; %change is the increase or decrease of the mean in the diabetes group with respect to the control group; eta² is the proportion of the total variance that can be explained by the factor “diabetes” in the linear model; N is the number of valid data points that entered the analysis; the platform on which the corresponding metabolite was measured is indicated by the first letter of the provider: B = Biocrates, C = Chenomx, M = Metabolon.

Metabolite	Pathway	%-change	N	p-value	q-value	eta2
1,5-anhydroglucitol [M]	Sugar	−37.8%	98	5.1×10−6	3.2×10−4	19.6%
desoxyhexose (DH) [B]	Sugar	40.2%	99	1.3×10−6	9.4×10−5	21.6%
glucose [C]	Sugar	39.3%	100	5.0×10−8	7.4×10−6	26.3%
glucose [M]	Sugar	28.8%	99	2.5×10−9	1.1×10−6	30.8%
H3-HNAc2-NANA [B]	Sugar	90.0%	99	2.4×10−8	5.3×10−6	27.6%
HNAC [B]	Sugar	18.0%	99	6.2×10−5	2.8×10−3	15.3%
HNAc-H2-dH [B]	Sugar	64.8%	99	8.2×10−8	9.1×10−6	25.8%
uronic acid [B]	Sugar	45.8%	99	8.0×10−4	1.7×10−2	11.0%
dihexose (H2) [B]	Sugar	65.2%	99	2.7×10−5	1.5×10−3	16.7%
mannose [M]	Sugar	34.9%	99	2.4×10−7	2.1×10−5	24.2%
caproate (6:0) [M]	Fatty acid, saturated, even	−16.1%	99	1.5×10−3	2.7×10−2	9.9%
heptanoate (7:0) [M]	Fatty acid, saturated, odd	−15.4%	99	5.2×10−4	1.3×10−2	11.7%
pelargonate (9:0) [M]	Fatty acid, saturated, odd	−12.6%	99	1.9×10−3	2.9×10−2	9.5%
glycerophosphorylcholine [M]	Glycerolipid	−16.5%	98	4.2×10−4	1.2×10−2	12.2%
PC a C20:4 (alt) [B]	Glycerolipid	−19.1%	100	1.4×10−3	2.7×10−2	9.9%
PC aa (OH, COOH) C28:4 [B]	Glycerolipid	−16.4%	100	1.7×10−3	2.8×10−2	9.6%
PC aa C34:4 [B]	Glycerolipid	−26.0%	100	6.5×10−4	1.5×10−2	11.2%
SM C14:0 [B]	Sphingolipid	−18.7%	100	1.2×10−3	2.3×10−2	10.2%
SM C22:2 [B]	Sphingolipid	−16.3%	100	3.3×10−3	4.6×10−2	8.5%
creatinine [M]	Creatine	19.4%	99	3.2×10−4	9.6×10−3	12.5%
glutamylvaline [M]	Dipeptide	26.4%	99	2.9×10−4	9.6×10−3	12.7%
gamma-glutamylisoleucine [M]	g-glutamyl	27.8%	92	6.7×10−4	1.5×10−2	12.1%
3-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) [M]	Ketone bodies	53.9%	99	1.9×10−3	2.9×10−2	9.5%
phenylacetylglutamine [M]	Phenylalanine & tyrosine	76.5%	99	6.2×10−5	2.8×10−3	15.3%
phenylalanine [B]	Phenylalanine & tyrosine	9.0%	100	2.4×10−3	3.6×10−2	9.0%
3-indoxyl sulfate [M]	Tryptophan	42.8%	99	1.7×10−4	6.1×10−3	13.7%
kynurinine [B]	Tryptophan	21.8%	100	5.0×10−4	1.3×10−2	11.7%
homocitrulline [M]	Urea cycle; arginine-, proline-,	73.4%	85	3.1×10−4	9.6×10−3	14.6%