Table 3. List of selected metabolite concentration ratios that associate with diabetes at q-values <0.05 and that display a significant increase in the strength of association (p-gain>241) after Bonferroni correction; based on log-scaled metabolite concentration ratios and assuming a linear model.

Lower in diabetes	Higher in diabetes	Pathway	Pathway	N	p-value	q-value	eta2	p-gain
1,5-anhydroglucitol [M]	desoxyhexose (DH) [B]	Sugar	Sugar	97	4.7×10−9	9.0×10−6	30.5%	271.6
1,5-anhydroglucitol [M]	Dihexose (H2) [B]	Sugar	Sugar	97	2.0×10−8	1.7×10−5	28.3%	254.3
PC aa C34:4 [B]	3-indoxyl sulfate [M]	Glycerolipid	Tryptophan	99	2.1×10−7	6.4×10−5	24.3%	775.1
pro-hydroxy-pro [M]	phenylacetylglutamine [M]	Dipeptide	Phenylalanine & tyrosine	99	2.5×10−7	7.1×10−5	24.1%	246.4
heptanoate (7:0) [M]	glutamylvaline [M]	Fatty acid, saturated, odd	Dipeptide	99	4.0×10−7	9.8×10−5	23.4%	736.8
SM C14:0 [B]	3-indoxyl sulfate [M]	Sphingolipid	Tryptophan	99	5.3×10−7	1.2×10−4	22.9%	310.7
cysteine [M]	glutamylvaline [M]	Cysteine	Dipeptide	95	6.6×10−7	1.4×10−4	23.4%	442.9
cysteine [M]	3-indoxyl sulfate [M]	Cysteine	Tryptophan	95	6.8×10−7	1.4×10−4	23.4%	242.7
caproate (6:0) [M]	glutamylvaline [M]	Fatty acid, saturated, even	Dipeptide	99	7.2×10−7	1.5×10−4	22.5%	410.3
cysteine [M]	creatinine [M]	Cysteine	Creatine	95	1.1×10−6	2.1×10−4	22.6%	289.5
cysteine [M]	Uronic Acid [B]	Cysteine	Sugar	94	1.4×10−6	2.4×10−4	22.5%	572.3
cysteine [M]	gamma-glutamylisoleucine [M]	Cysteine	g-glutamyl	88	2.7×10−6	3.8×10−4	22.7%	249.0
cysteine [M]	erythronate [M]	Cysteine	Aminosugars	93	4.3×10−6	5.3×10−4	20.8%	901.2
cysteine [M]	erythritol [M]	Cysteine	Sugar, sugar substitute, starch	95	7.5×10−6	7.9×10−4	19.5%	656.4
cysteine [M]	N-acetylalanine [M]	Cysteine	Valine & (Iso)Leucine	94	1.5×10−5	1.3×10−3	18.6%	379.9
arachidonate (20:4n6) [M]	Isoleucine [C]	Fatty acid, polyene	Valine & (Iso)Leucine	99	2.0×10−5	1.6×10−3	17.2%	274.4
uridine [M]	2-methylbutyroylcarnitine [M]	Pyrimidine	Carnitine	87	2.5×10−5	1.8×10−3	19.0%	245.2
beta-hydroxyisovalerate [M]	PE aa C34:2 [B]	Valine & (Iso)Leucine	Glycerolipid	60	2.6×10−5	1.9×10−3	26.5%	949.0
beta-hydroxyisovalerate [M]	PE aa C36:2 [B]	Valine & (Iso)Leucine	Glycerolipid	60	4.5×10−5	2.8×10−3	25.2%	546.0
beta-hydroxyisovalerate [M]	PE aa C38:4 [B]	Valine & (Iso)Leucine	Glycerolipid	60	8.3×10−5	4.3×10−3	23.6%	294.7
uridine [M]	3-methyl-2-oxovalerate [M]	Pyrimidine	Valine & (Iso)Leucine	99	9.4×10−5	4.8×10−3	14.6%	403.4