Figure 3.

Comparison of the RTG and NF-κB pathways. The four phases showing different levels of activity in the basal state, inhibition or knock-out, a transitional acute phase of nutrional stress in yeast and acute inflammation in mammalian cells, and chronic elevation in aging. Influential of both pathway are mitochondrial respiration and TOR activity, while they modulate glycolysis, autophagy, chromosome stability and life span. Activity is coded by b = basal levels, + enhanced, ++ strongly enhanced, − suppressed and − − strongly suppressed. Explanations: 1) change in nutritional source disables mitochondrial respiration; 2) In infection, mitochondria are working either at highest capacity, which activates the endoplasmic overdose response (EOR) and NF-kB, or the mitochondria are dysfunctional, but without either response cells go into apoptosis; 3) TOR can initially decrease, but later increase activity in senescence and age-related diseases; 4) Inhibition of Rtg3 reduces autophagy; 5) Results from TOR in 3); 6) Rtg2 is unavailable when strongly participating in the retrograde response; 7) Chromosomal instability high in aging and highest in cancer.