Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by survival and morbidity status (n = 2,008)
| Not survived | Survived to 85 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 639) | Total (n = 1,369) | With morbidity (n = 409) | Morbidity-free 1 (n = 960) | |
| Demographic and lifestyle | ||||
| Sex (female) | 343 (53.7) | 981 (71.7) | 269 (65.8) | 712 (74.2) |
| Education (range 1–7) | 3.00 ± 1.85 | 2.94 ± 1.84 | 2.98 ± 1.82 | 2.92 ± 1.85 |
| Relatives (number of relatives) | 8.40 (3.47) | 8.78 (3.64) | 8.85 (3.66) | 8.75 (3.63) |
| Spousal death (absent) | 570 (89.2) | 1,266 (92.5) | 383 (93.6) | 883 (92.0) |
| Living status (with partner) | 228 (35.7) | 635 (46.4) | 164 (40.1) | 471 (49.1) |
| Income (euro per month) | 1,884.64 ± 750.11 | 1,806.31 ± 814.86 | 1,804.40 ± 922.51 | 1,807.13 ± 764.94 |
| Health insurance (private) | 278 (43.5) | 498 (36.4) | 150 (36.7) | 348 (36.3) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.10 ± 3.60 | 26.59 ± 3.73 | 26.74 ± 3.79 | 26.53 ± 3.70 |
| Energy intake (kJ/day) | 8,340.75 ± 1,709.88 | 7,903.31 ± 1,623.01 | 7,972.80 ± 1,602.31 | 7,873.70 ± 1,631.67 |
| Fruit and vegetable intake (g/day) | 556.71 ± 151.42 | 563.98 ± 168.68 | 561.74 ± 162.91 | 564.93 ± 171.15 |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 9.84 ± 13.29 | 7.33 ± 10.61 | 8.01 ± 11.28 | 7.04 ± 10.31 |
| Smoking (non-smoker) | 207 (32.4) | 691 (50.5) | 201 (49.1) | 490 (51.0) |
| Health and morbidity indicators | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus (absent) | 558 (87.3) | 1,206 (88.1) | 348 (85.1) | 858 (89.4) |
| Medication usage (number of medications) | 2.38 ± 2.25 | 2.15 ± 2.06 | 2.28 ± 2.15 | 2.09 ± 2.01 |
| Anti-hypertensive use (none recorded) | 539 (84.4) | 1,196 (87.4) | 352 (86.1) | 844 (87.9) |
| Left ventricular function (normal) | 591 (92.5) | 1,328 (97.0) | 392 (95.8) | 936 (97.5) |
| Atrial fibrillation (absent) | 614 (96.1) | 1,330 (97.2) | 399 (97.6) | 931 (97.0) |
| Family history (free from morbidity) | 315 (49.3) | 651 (47.6) | 187 (45.7) | 464 (48.3) |
| Depression history (no events recorded) | 453 (70.9) | 957 (69.9) | 274 (67.0) | 683 (71.1) |
| Hospitalisation (none past 12 months) | 517 (80.9) | 1,137 (83.1) | 340 (83.1) | 797 (83.0) |
| Hip function (absence of fractures) | 627 (98.1) | 1,347 (98.4) | 402 (98.3) | 945 (98.4) |
| Vertebral function (absence of fractures) | 610 (95.5) | 1,271 (92.8) | 385 (94.1) | 886 (92.3) |
| Self-rated health (1: worse to 3: better) | 2.35 ± 0.68 | 2.51 ± 0.61 | 2.44 ± 0.62 | 2.53 ± 0.60 |
| Cognitive status (intact: MMSE ≥ 26) | 531 (83.1) | 1,183 (86.4) | 345 (84.4) | 838 (87.3) |
| Memory (no problems reported) | 591 (92.5) | 1,302 (95.1) | 381 (93.2) | 921 (95.9) |
| ADL (unimpaired: HAQ score ≤ 0.5) | 417 (65.3) | 918 (67.1) | 269 (65.8) | 649 (67.6) |
| IADL (unimpaired: IADL score <1.0) | 503 (78.7) | 1,180 (86.2) | 351 (85.8) | 829 (86.4) |
| Stability in body weight (past 12 months) | 546 (85.4) | 1,222 (89.3) | 369 (90.2) | 853 (88.9) |
| Physiological markers | ||||
| Leucocytes (109/l) | 7.07 ± 3.32 | 6.66 ± 1.80 | 6.76 ± 1.79 | 6.62 ± 1.80 |
| C-reactive protein (g/l) | 4.39 ± 5.53 | 3.05 ± 4.66 | 3.12 ± 4.72 | 3.02 ± 4.64 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 7.12 ± 2.70 | 6.97 ± 2.77 | 7.19 ± 3.33 | 6.87 ± 2.49 |
| Albumin (g/l) | 42.12 ± 2.34 | 42.40 ± 2.26 | 42.69 ± 2.21 | 42.28 ± 2.28 |
| Creatinine (µmol/l) | 85.66 ± 21.77 | 82.26 ± 13.65 | 83.62 ± 14.76 | 81.68 ± 13.11 |
| Uric acid (µmol/l) | 330.50 ± 73.08 | 316.58 ± 67.99 | 324.99 ± 70.43 | 313.00 ± 66.63 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 6.46 ± 1.27 | 6.66 ± 1.17 | 6.64 ± 1.16 | 6.67 ± 1.17 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.34 ± 0.39 | 1.37 ± 0.34 | 1.35 ± 0.35 | 1.38 ± 0.34 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 144.54 ± 22.03 | 144.21 ± 20.41 | 147.36 ± 19.64 | 142.87 ± 20.60 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.76 ± 11.67 | 72.48 ± 10.81 | 73.50 ± 11.13 | 72.04 ± 10.65 |
| Heart rate (median RR interval) | 72.52 ± 11.68 | 72.21 ± 10.31 | 72.11 ± 10.29 | 72.25 ± 10.33 |
| Femoral neck bone mineral density (g/cm2) | 0.80 ± 0.12 | 0.80 ± 0.12 | 0.81 ± 0.12 | 0.79 ± 0.13 |
| Lumbar spine bone mineral density (g/cm2) | 1.09 ± 0.19 | 1.07 ± 0.19 | 1.08 ± 0.19 | 1.06 ± 0.19 |
| Ankle brachial index (ratio) | 1.02 ± 0.23 | 1.04 ± 0.22 | 1.02 ± 0.22 | 1.05 ± 0.22 |
| Aortic calcification (plaque length 0–5) | 2.18 ± 1.27 | 2.10 ± 1.29 | 2.23 ± 1.31 | 2.04 ± 1.28 |
| Intima media thickness (mm) | 0.88 ± 0.14 | 0.86 ± 0.12 | 0.88 ± 0.12 | 0.86 ± 0.12 |
| Carotid plaques (plaque sites 0–6) | 2.02 ± 1.64 | 1.72 ± 1.50 | 1.89 ± 1.54 | 1.65 ± 1.48 |
Values are mean ± SD or n (%). All values are from baseline measurements
MMSE Mini Mental State Examination, ADL activities of daily living, HAQ Health Assessment Questionnaire, IADL instrumental activities of daily living