TABLE 2.
Multivariable-adjusted predictors of plasma phospholipid palmitoleic acid (cis-16:1n−7) in 3630 US adults1
| SD differences (95% CI) in palmitoleic acid concentrations |
||||
| Men (n = 1510) | P value | Women (n = 2120) | P value | |
| Age, each 5 y | 0.05 (0.00, 0.09) | 0.04 | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.04) | 0.60 |
| Race | ||||
| White | Reference | |||
| Nonwhite | 0.08 (−0.12, 0.29) | 0.43 | 0.71 (0.53, 0.88) | <0.001 |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school | Reference | |||
| High school graduate | −0.03 (−0.17, 0.11) | 0.72 | −0.03 (−0.15, 0.09) | 0.58 |
| Some college | 0.00 (−0.15, 0.15) | 0.99 | 0.01 (−0.13, 0.15) | 0.87 |
| College graduate | −0.04 (−0.18, 0.13) | 0.63 | −0.00 (−0.15, 0.14) | 0.99 |
| Prevalent diabetes | ||||
| No | Reference | |||
| Yes | 0.07 (−0.05, 0.19) | 0.25 | 0.04 (−0.09, 0.17) | 0.58 |
| Prevalent IHD | ||||
| No | Reference | |||
| Yes | −0.16 (−0.27, −0.05) | 0.004 | −0.16 (−0.27, −0.04) | 0.004 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | Reference | |||
| Former | 0.01 (−0.10, 0.11) | 0.92 | 0.08 (−0.03, 0.19) | 0.15 |
| Current | 0.18 (−0.04, 0.41) | 0.11 | 0.23 (0.04, 0.42) | 0.02 |
| BMI, each kg/m2 | 0.01 (−0.00, 0.03) | 0.07 | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | <0.001 |
| Leisure-time activity, each 500 kcal/wk | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.00) | 0.21 | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.00) | 0.11 |
| Alcohol | ||||
| None | Reference | |||
| <1 drink/wk | 0.05 (−0.06, 0.15) | 0.33 | 0.02 (−0.14, 0.14) | 0.97 |
| 1–2 drinks/wk | 0.22 (0.07, 0.35) | 0.002 | −0.02 (0.17, 0.13) | 0.69 |
| 3–7 drinks/wk | 0.53 (0.32, 0.77) | <0.001 | 0.18 (−0.05, 0.35) | 0.08 |
| 1–2 drinks/d | 0.78 (0.48, 1.10) | <0.001 | 0.68 (0.31, 0.99) | <0.001 |
| >2 drinks/d2 | 1.17 (0.84, 1.50) | <0.001 | 1.06 (0.71, 1.52) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate, each higher 5% of energy replacing fat3 | 0.06 (0.03, 0.09) | <0.001 | 0.08 (0.04, 0.12) | <0.001 |
| Protein, each higher 5% of energy replacing fat3 | 0.11 (0.02, 0.20) | 0.02 | 0.10 (0.01, 0.19) | 0.03 |
1
Values are multivariable-adjusted linear regression coefficients for a 1-SD difference in palmitoleic acid concentrations as a percentage of fatty acids, adjusted for all variables in the table simultaneously. IHD, ischemic heart disease.
2
Few individuals reported heavy alcohol use (only 1.6% reported >3 drinks/d), which limited the evaluation of higher intakes.
3
Dietary habits were assessed 3 y earlier, in 1989–1990, which underestimated the magnitude of associations.